TITLE:- MICROWAVE NOTCH FILTERS USING

EMBEDDED STUBS

Submitted By:- Allocated Faculty:-

Aditya Kumar 13/EC/14 Professor D.K.Upadhyay
Afaq Anzer 14/EC/14
Ajay Yadav 16/EC/14
Lakshay Kumar 78/EC/14
 Research paper by-
 Ching-Wen Hsue
 Raj Mittra
 Yi-Hsien Tsai
 Chih-Chen Hsu

Department of Electronic Engineering, National

Taiwan University of Science and Technology

EMC Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University

Park,PA 16802
Stubs:-
a stub or resonant stub is a length of transmission line or waveguide that is
connected at one end only. The free end of the stub is either left open-circuit or
(always in the case of waveguides) short-circuited. Neglecting transmission line
losses, the input impedance of the stub is purely reactive; either capacitive or
inductive, depending on the electrical length of the stub, and on whether it is
open or short circuit. Stubs may thus function as capacitors, inductors and
resonant circuits at radio frequencies.

(Fig 1)
This figure depicts a microstrip line of length ‘a’
having two stubs of stub length ‘d’.
 The transmission line realizing the stub is normally terminated by a short
or by an open circuit. In many cases it is also convenient to select the
same characteristic impedance used for the main line,
although this is not necessary. The choice of open or shorted stub
may depend in practice on a number of factors. A short circuited
stub is less prone to leakage of electromagnetic radiation and is
somewhat easier to realize.

for example microstrips where one would have to drill the insulating
substrate to short circuit the two conductors of the line.
On the other hand, an open circuited stub may be more practical for certain
types of transmission lines,

 Shunt stubs introduce transmission zeros and they have been widely
employed to implement a variety of microwave low-pass, band-pass, and
band-stop filters. The most common practice is to use a serial
transmission line shunted with a quarter-wavelength stub that forms a
band-stop filter. For such an arrangement, multiple stop-bands also
occur at odd multiple frequencies of the quarter-wavelength stub.
 SC Stub:-
Impedance provided by short circuit line

(Fig 2)

OC Stub:- Impedance provided by open circuit line

(Fig 3)
Notch filter:-
A ``notch filter '‘ rejects a narrow frequency band and leaves the rest of the
spectrum little changed. The most common example is 60-Hz noise from power
lines. Another is low-frequency ground roll. Such filters can easily be made using a
slight variation on the all-pass filter. In the all-pass filter, the pole and zero have
equal (logarithmic) relative distances from the unit circle. All we need to do is put
the zero closer to the circle. Indeed, there is no reason why we should not put the
zero right on the circle: then the frequency at which the zero is located is exactly
canceled from the spectrum of input data.

Fig 4:
Spectrum of notch filter
 EMBEDDED STUB

Embedded stub are made from micro-stripline by etching it.

Because of its high characteristic impedance, the
embedded stub offers a very narrow-band rejection in the
stop-band which is difficult to fabricate in the conventional
microstrip shunt structure. In particular, a two-section stub
offers multiple stop-bands which are fundamentally different
from those of conventional quarter-wavelength stub.
Figure 5(a) depicts the configuration of a single-section stub, where W is the
strip width of a 50 X microstrip and W1 is the strip width of the shunted stub.
Figure 5(b) shows the open stub embedded in a 50 X microstrip that emulates
the conventional open stub shown in Figure 5(a).
W1 is the strip width of the embedded stub. Both W and W2 in the embedded
structure are fixed values for the present consideration. W1 is changed to obtain
different equivalent characteristic impedance of the embedded stub.
Figure 6 shows the scattering
parameter S21 of an embedded
stub with the strip width W1 as
the variation parameter. The
bandwidth increases as the strip
width W1 increases.
 TWO SECTION STUB
Figure 7 depicts an equal-length, two-section open-circuited stub, where Zi (i
=1, 2), βi, and li are characteristic impedance, propagation constant, and
physical length, respectively. The reason to study the two-section stub is that
it represents a more general stub configuration; the single-section stub is a
special case of the two-section stub. We assume that both finite lines of the
two-section stub have the same electrical length, i.e., β1 𝑙1 =β2 𝑙2 =ῳt, where
ῳ is the angular frequency and t is the delay time of finite line. Substitution of
𝑧 −1 =𝑒 (−𝑗2β𝑙) the transmission scattering parameter S21(z) of the serial line Zo
shunted with the two-section stub can be expressed as the ratio of two
second-order polynomials in the Z domain. A two section open stub can be
employed to implement a notch filter. The relation among normalized
bandwidth, central frequency, and characteristic impedance can be
expressed as follows;
where, D is the normalized bandwidth and is the normalized central
frequency of a notch filter in the Z domain. The ratio Z0/Z2 determines
the bandwidth and the ratio Z1/Z2 dictates the location of the center
frequency of the notch filter. In particular, if Z1 =Z2, the location of the
normalized central frequency is =π/2 and the two-section stub turns
into a single-section. The physical length of each finite line is with
being the wavelength at the normalizing frequency π.

Fig .7
From the previous equations small impedance ratio Z0/Z2 will lead to a
narrow bandwidth of notch filter. We assume that the characteristic
impedance Z0 of the serial line is 50 Ω through out the whole discussion.
Therefore, a large characteristic impedance Z2 will yield a narrow
bandwidth of notch filter.
By using above eq. and fig 8 ,we obtain the equivalent characteristics
impedance of embedded stub as the function of strip width W1,whose
curve is given below,

Fig. 8
For the same strip width, it appears that the characteristic impedance of the
embedded stub is much larger than that of the conventional stub.
To illustrate the advantages of embedded structure, we consider a notch
filter with the specifications as follows, If the reference
characteristic impedance Z0 of the serial line is 50 Ω, from Eqs. above we
obtain Z1 = 160 Ω and Z2 =286 Ω. From Figure 8, we obtain the strip widths
of embedded lines for Z1 =160 Ω and Z2 =286 Ω, which are 0.9 mm and 0.2
mm.
Fig 10(a): Scattering parameter of Fig 10(b):Fundamental and higher
conventional and embedded stub. stop-bands of embedded single-
section and two-section stubs

Fig 10
 Comparisons
single-section stub is a special case of a two-section stub. In particular,
a two-section stub offers multiple stop-bands which are different from
those obtained in conventional quarter-wavelength stub. Figure 10(b)
shows that scattering parameters of both embedded two-section and
embedded single section stubs as a function of frequencies.
The embedded single-section stub has the same strip width as that of
the small strip in the two-section stub, i.e., W1 = 0.2 mm and its
physical length is equal to a quarter wavelength at 1.5 GHz. Both
structures have fundamental frequency at 1.5 GHz. The single section
stub has a second stop-band occurring at 4.5 GHz. However, the two-
section stub has a second stop-band occurring at 6.0 GHz, which is four
times of the fundamental frequency.
 CONCLUSION
• An embedded structure yields higher characteristic
impedance and it leads to a notch filter with narrow
bandwidth.

• The embedded equal-length two section stub

produced multiple stop-bands which were
fundamentally different from those obtained in the
conventional quarter-wavelength stub.