PCI 6th Edition

Flexural Component Design

 Presentation Outline

• What’s new to ACI 318

• Gravity Loads
• Load Effects
• Concrete Stress Distribution
• Nominal Flexural Strength
• Flexural Strength Reduction Factors
• Shear Strength
• Torsion
• Serviceability Requirements
 New to ACI 318 – 02

• Load Combinations
• Stress limits
• Member Classification
• Strength Reduction factor is a function of
reinforcement strain
• Minimum shear reinforcement requirements
• Torsion Design Method
 Load Combinations

• U = 1.4 (D + F)
• U = 1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
• U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
• U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
• U= 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
• U= 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
 Comparison of Load Combinations

• U=1.2D + 1.6 L 2002

• U= 1.4D + 1.7L 1999
If L=.75D

Ratio 

1.2D  1.6 .75D   0.90
1.4D  1.7 .75D 

i.e. a 10% reduction in required strength

 Classifications

• No Bottom Tensile Stress Limits

• Classify Members Strength Reduction
Factor
– Tension-Controlled
– Transition
– Compression Controlled
• Three Tensile Stress Classifications
– Class U – Un-cracked
– Class T – Transition
– Class C – Cracked
Copied from ACI 318 2002, ACI 318-02 table R18.3.3
 Class C Members

• Stress Analysis Based on Cracked Section

Properties
• No Compression Stress limit
• No Tension Stress limit
• Increase awareness on serviceability
– Crack Control
– Displacements
– Side Skin Reinforcement
 Minimum Shear Reinforcing

200
1999
150

Av fy 100

bw s 50

0
2002
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Concrete Strength, f'c, psi
 System Loads

• Gravity Load Systems

– Beams
– Columns
– Floor Member – Double Tees, Hollow Core
– Spandrels
• Tributary Area
– Floor members, actual top area
– Beams and spandrels
• Load distribution
– Load path
– Floor members  spandrels or beams  Columns
 Live Load Reduction

• Live Loads can be reduced based on:

 
15

L  L o  0.25  
 K LL  A t 
Where:
KLL = 1
Lo = Unreduced live load and
At = tributary area
 Live Load Reduction

• Or the alternative floor reduction shall not

exceed
R  r  (A t  150)
or
 D
R  23.1  1  
 Lo 

Where:
R = % reduction ≤ 40%
r = .08
 Member Shear and Moment

• Shear and moments on members can be

found using statics methods and beam tables
from Chapter 11
 Strength Design

• Strength design is based using the rectangular stress

block
• The stress in the prestressing steel at nominal
strength, fps, can be determined by strain
compatibility or by an approximate empirical equation
• For elements with compression reinforcement, the
nominal strength can be calculated by assuming that
the compression reinforcement yields. Then verified.
• The designer will normally choose a section and
reinforcement and then determine if it meets the
basic design strength requirement:

Mn  Mu
 Concrete Stress Distribution

• Parabolic distribution
• Equivalent rectangular distribution
 Stress Block Theory

• Stress-Strain f’c=6,000 psi

relationship
    E(f ' )
c

f’c=3,000 psi
– E(f ' )
is not constant
c
 Stress Block Theory

• Stress-Strain relationship
– Stress-strain can be modeled by:
2  f ''c  (  )
fc 
1  (  )2

1.71  f 'c
Where   :strain at max. stress
Ec

and f ''c  .9  f 'c :max stress

 Stress Block Theory

• The Whitney stress block is a simplified

stress distribution that shares the same
centroid and total force as the real stress
distribution

=
 Equivalent Stress Block – b1 Definition

a  b1c
f 'c
b1  1.05  05 
1, 000psi
b1 = 0.85
when f’c < 3,000 psi
b1 = 0.65
when f’c > 8,000 psi
 Design Strength

• Mild Reinforcement – Non - Prestressed

• Prestress Reinforcement
 Strength Design Flowchart

• Figure 4.2.1.2
page 4-9
• Non-Prestressed
Path
• Prestressed Path
 Non-Prestressed Members

• Find depth of compression block

 Depth of Compression Block

A s  fy  A 's  f 'y
a
.85  f 'c  b

Where: Assumes
As is the area of tension steel compression
A’s is the area of compression steel steel yields
fy is the mild steel yield strength
 Flanged Sections

• Checked to verify that the compression block is truly

rectangular
 Compression Block Area

• If compression block is rectangular, the flanged

section can be designed as a rectangular beam

= =

A comp  a  b
 Compression Block Area

• If the compression block is not rectangular (a> hf),

A f  (b  b w )  hf
A w  A comp  A f
To find “a”
Aw
a
bw
 Determine Neutral Axis

• From statics and strain compatibility

c  a / b
 Check Compression Steel

c  3 d '

• Verify that compression steel has reached yield using

strain compatibility
 Compression Comments

• By strain compatibility, compression steel yields if:

c  3  d'
• If compression steel has not yielded, calculation for “a”
must be revised by substituting actual stress for yield
stress
• Non prestressed members should always be tension
controlled, therefore c / dt < 0.375
• Add compression reinforcement to create tesnion
controlled secions
 Moment Capacity

• 2 equations
– rectangular stress block in the flange section
– rectangular stress block in flange and stem
section
 Strength Design Flowchart

Figure 4.2.1.2
page 4-9
Non- Prestressed
Path
Prestressed Path
 This portion of the
flowchart is dedicated to
determining the stress in
the prestress
reinforcement
 Stress in Strand

fse - stress in the strand after losses

fpu - is the ultimate strength of the strand
fps - stress in the strand at nominal strength
 Stress in Strand

• Typically the jacking force is 65% or

greater
• The short term losses at midspan are
about 10% or less
• The long term losses at midspan are
about 20% or less
fse  0.5  fpu
 Stress in Strand

• Nearly all prestressed concrete is bonded

 Stress in Strand

• Prestressed Bonded reinforcement

 gp  fpu 
fps  fpu  1 

rp 
b1 

d
f 'c dp

  ' 
 


gp = factor for type of prestressing strand, see ACI 18.0

= .55 for fpy/fpu not less than .80
= .45 for fpy/fpu not less than .85
= .28 for fpy/fpu not less than .90 (Low Relaxation Strand)
rp = prestressing reinforcement ratio
Determine Compression Block
 Compression Block Height

Assumes compression
steel yields

A ps  fps  A s  fy  A 's  f 'y

a
.85  f 'c  b

Prestress component
Where
Aps - area of prestressing steel
fps - prestressing steel strength
Flange Sections Check
 Compression Steel Check

c  3 d '

• Verify that compression steel has reached yield using

strain compatibility
 Moment Capacity

• 2 Equations
– rectangular stress block in flange section
– rectangular stress block in flange and stem
section
 Flexural Strength Reduction Factor

• Based on primary reinforcement strain

• Strain is an indication of failure
mechanism
• Three Regions
 Member Classification

• On figure 4.2.1.2
 Compression Controlled

  < 0.002 at extreme

steel tension fiber or
• c/dt > 0.600

 = 0.70 with spiral ties

 = 0.65 with stirrups
 Tension Controlled

  > 0.005 at extreme

steel tension fiber, or
• c/dt < 0.375

 = 0.90 with spiral ties

or stirrups
 Transition Zone

• 0.002 <  < 0.005 at extreme

steel tension fiber, or
• 0.375 < c/dt < 0.6

 = 0.57 + 67() or
 = 0.48 + 83() with spiral
ties

 = 0.37 + 0.20/(c/dt) or
 = 0.23 + 0.25/(c/dt) with
stirrups
 Strand Slip Regions

• ACI Section 9.3.2.7

‘where the strand embedment length is
less than the development length’

 =0.75
 Limits of Reinforcement

• To prevent failure immediately upon cracking,

Minimum As is determined by:
3  f 'c 200  b w  d
A s,min   bw  d 
fy fy

• As,min is allowed to be waived if tensile

reinforcement is 1/3 greater than required by
analysis
 Limits of Reinforcement

• The flexural member must also have adequate

reinforcement to resist the cracking moment
– Where M  1.2M
n cr

 P Pe  S 
Mcr  Sbc     fr   Mnc  bc
 1
 A Sb   Sb 

Correction for
initial stresses on
Section after composite
non-composite,
has been applied,
prior to topping
including prestress
placement
forces
Critical Sections
 Horizontal Shear

• ACI requires that the interface between

the composite and non-composite, be
intentionally roughened, clean and free of
laitance
• Experience and tests have shown that
normal methods used for finishing precast
components qualifies as “intentionally
roughened”
 Horizontal Shear, Fh Positive Moment Region

• Based on the force transferred in topping (page 4-53)

 Horizontal Shear, Fh Negative Moment Region

• Based on the force transferred in topping (page 4-53)

 Unreinforced Horizontal Shear

Fh    80  b v  l vh

Where
 – 0.75
bv – width of shear area
lvh - length of the member subject to shear, 1/2 the
span for simply supported members
 Reinforced Horizontal Shear

Fh    (260  0.6  rv  fy )    b v  l vh

Fh
A cs 
  m e  fy
Where
 – 0.75
rv - shear reinforcement ratio
Acs - Area of shear reinforcement
me - Effective shear friction coefficient
 Shear Friction Coefficient

1000    A cr  m
me 
Vu Fh
 Shear Resistance by Non-Prestressed Concrete

• Shear strength for

non-prestressed
sections
Vc  2  f 'c  b w  d
 Prestress Concrete Shear Capacity
 Vu  d 
Vc   0.6  f 'c  700   bw  d
 Mu 

Where:
Vu  d
1
Mu

• ACI Eq 11-9
• Effective prestress must be 0.4fpu
• Accounts for shear combined with moment
• May be used unless more detail is required
 Prestress Concrete Shear Capacity

• Concrete shear strength is minimum is

Vc  2  f 'c  b w  d

• Maximum allowed shear resistance from

concrete is:

Vc  5  f 'c  b w  d
 Shear Capacity, Prestressed

• Resistance by concrete when diagonal cracking is a

result of combined shear and moment
Vi  Mcr
Vci  0.6  f 'c  b w  d  Vd 
Mmax
Where:
Vi and Mmax - factored
externally applied loads
e.g. no self weight
Vd - is un-factored dead
load shear
 Shear Capacity, Prestressed

• Resistance by concrete when diagonal cracking is a

result of principal tensile stress in the web is in excess of
cracking stress.

 
Vcw  3.5  f 'c  0.3  fpc  b w  d  Vp

Where:
Vp = the vertical
component of effective
prestress force (harped
or draped strand only)
 Vcmax

• Shear capacity is the minimum of Vc, or if a

detailed analysis is used the minimum of Vci
or Vcw
 Shear Steel

If:
Vu  Vc

Then:
Vu
v s  Vn  Vc or v s   Vc

 Shear Steel Minimum Requirements

• Non-prestressed members
bw  s s
A v  0.75  f 'c   50  b w
fy fy
• Prestressed members
A ps  fpu  s d
Av  
80  fy  d bw

Remember
both legs of a stirrup count for Av
 Torsion

• Current ACI
– Based on compact sections
– Greater degree of fixity than PC can provide
• Provision for alternate solution
– Zia, Paul and Hsu, T.C., “Design for Torsion and
Shear in Prestressed Concrete,” Preprint 3424,
American Society of Civil Engineers, October,
1978. Reprinted in revised form in PCI JOURNAL,
V. 49, No. 3, May-June 2004.
 Torsion

For members loaded two sides, such as inverted

tee beams, find the worst case condition with
full load on one side, and dead load on the
other
1.0D 1.2D+1.6L
 Torsion

• In order to neglect Torsion

Tu  Tu(min)

Where:
Tu(min) – minimum torsional strength provided
by concrete
 Minimum Torsional Strength

 
Tu(min)    0.5     f 'c   x  y   g
2

 

Where:
x and y - are short and long
side, respectively of a
component rectangle
g  is the prestress factor
 Prestress Factor, g

• For Prestressed Members

fpc
g  1  10
f`c

Where:
fpc – level of prestress after losses
 Maximum Torsional Strength

• Avoid compression failures due to over

reinforcing
1
 K    f`  x y
t c
2

3
Tn(max) 
2
 K V 
1  t t

 30  C t
 Tu

Tu
Tn(max) 


Where:
 fpc  bw  d
K t  g 12  10  Ct 
 f`c   y
x 2
 Maximum Shear Strength

• Avoid compression failures due to over

reinforcing
10    f`c  b w  d
Vn(max) 
2
 30  C  T 
1 t u

 K t  Vt 
Vu
Vn(max) 

 Torsion/Shear Relationship

• Determine the torsion carried by the concrete

T 'c
Tc 
2
T' T 
1  c u
 V 'c Vu 
Where:
T’c and V’c - concrete resistance under pure
torsion and shear respectively
Tc and Vc - portions of the concrete resistance
of torsion and shear
 Torsion/Shear Relationship

• Determine the shear carried by the concrete

V 'c
Vc 
2
 V' V 
1  c u
 T 'c Tu 
 Torsion Steel Design

• Provide stirrups for torsion

moment - in addition to
shear
T 
  Tc   s
u

  
At 
 t  x1  y1  fy
 t  0.66  0.33  y1 x1  1.5

Where
x and y - short and long
dimensions of the closed
stirrup
 Torsion Steel Design

• Minimum area of closed stirrups is

limited by
bw  s bw  s
A v
 2A t 
min
 50 
fy
 (g )  200 
2

fy
 Longitudinal Torsion Steel

• Provide longitudinal steel for

torsion based on equation
2  A t  (x1  y1 )
Al 
s

or
   
   
Tu 2  At 
 400  x 
Al  
f

 V



s 
 
 x 1  y1 
 y T  u 
  u
3  C  
 t 
• Whichever greater
 Longitudinal Steel limits

   
   
T 2  A
 400  x
Al   

u 

t


  x 1  y1 
 fy T  u 
V s 
  u 3  C  
 t 

2  At
The factor in
s
the second equation need not exceed
50  b w  12  fpc  50  b
 1    w

fy  f`c  fy
 Detailing Requirements, Stirrups

• 135 degree hooks are required unless sufficient

cover is supplied
• The 135 degree stirrup hooks are to be anchored
around a longitudinal bar
• Torsion steel is in addition to shear steel
 Detailing Requirements, Longitudinal Steel

• Placement of the bars should be around the

perimeter
• Spacing should spaced at no more than 12 inches
• Longitudinal torsion steel must be in addition to
required flexural steel (note at ends flexural demand
reduces)
• Prestressing strand is permitted (@ 60ksi)
• The critical section is at the end of simply supported
members, therefore U-bars may be required to meet
bar development requirements
 Serviceability Requirements

• Three classifications for prestressed

components
– Class U: Uncracked
– Class T: Transition
– Class C: Cracked
 t  7.5 f 'c 7.5 f 'c   t  12 f 'c  t  12 f 'c

Stress
 Uncracked Section

• Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)

• Easiest computation
• Use traditional mechanics
of materials methods to
determine stresses, gross
section and deflection.
• No crack control or side
skin reinforcement
requirements
 Transition Section

• Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)

• Use traditional mechanics
of materials methods to
determine stresses only.
• Use bilinear cracked
section to determine
deflection
• No crack control or side
skin reinforcement
requirements
 Cracked Section

• Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)

• Iterative process
• Use bilinear cracked
section to determine
deflection and to
determine member
stresses
• Must use crack control
steel per ACI 10.6.4
modified by ACI 18.4.4.1
and ACI 10.6.7
 Cracked Section Stress Calculation

• Class C member require stress to be

check using a Cracked Transformed
Section
• The reinforcement spacing
requirements must be adhered to
 Cracked Transformed
Section Property Calculation Steps

Step 1 – Determine if section is cracked

Step 2 – Estimate Decompression Force in Strand
Step 3 – Estimate Decompression Force in mild
reinforcement (if any)
Step 4 – Create an equivalent force in topping if present
Step 5 – Calculate transformed section of all elements
and modular ratios
Step 6 – Iterate the location of the neutral axis until the
normal stress at this level is zero
Step 7 – Check Results with a a moment and force
equilibrium set of equations
 Steel Stress

• fdc – decompression stress

stress in the strand when the
surrounding concrete stress is zero –
Conservative to use, fse (stress after
losses) when no additional mild steel is
present.
 Simple Example

Page 4-31
 Deflection Calculation –
Bilinear Cracked Section

• Deflection before the

member has cracked is
calculated using the
gross (uncracked)
moment of inertia, Ig
• Additional deflection
after cracking is
calculated using the
moment of inertia of the
cracked section Icr
 Effective Moment of Inertia

• Alternative method
3 3
M   Mcr 
Ie   cr
 Ig  1   Icr
 Ma   Ma 
or based on stress
Mcr f f 
 1   tl r 
Ma  fl 

Where:
ftl = final stress
fl = stress due to live load
fr = modulus of rupture
 Prestress Losses

• Prestressing losses
– Sources of total prestress loss (TL)
TL = ES + CR + SH + RE
– Elastic Shortening (SH)
– Creep (CR)
– Shrinkage (SH)
– Relaxation of tendons (RE)
 Elastic Shortening

• Caused by the prestressed force in the precast member

ES  K es  Eps  fcir Eci

Where:
Kes = 1.0 for pre-tensioned members
Eps = modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons (about
28,500 ksi)
Eci = modulus of elasticity of concrete at time prestress is
applied
fcir = net compressive stress in concrete at center of gravity of
prestressing force immediately after the prestress has been
applied to the concrete
 fcir

 P P  e2  M  e
g
fcir  K cir   i  i  
 A Ig  Ig
g

Where:
Pi = initial prestress force (after anchorage seating loss)
e = eccentricity of center of gravity of tendons with respect to
center of gravity of concrete at the cross section
considered
Mg = bending moment due to dead weight of prestressed
member and any other permanent loads in place at time of
prestressing
Kcir = 0.9 for pretensioned members
 Creep

• Creep (CR)
– Caused by stress in the concrete
 
CR  K cr  Eps Eci  fcir  fcds 
Where:
Kcr = 2.0 normal weight concrete
= 1.6 sand-lightweight concrete
fcds = stress in concrete at center of gravity of
prestressing force due to all uperimposed
permanent dead loads that are applied to
the member after it has been prestressed
 fcds

Msd  e
fcds 
Ig

Where:
Msd = moment due to all superimposed permanent
dead and sustained loads applied after prestressing
 Shrinkage

• Volume change determined by section and

environment
    
SH  8.2  106  K sh  Eps  1  0.06  V S  100  R.H.

• Where:
Ksh = 1.0 for pretensioned members
V/S = volume-to-surface ratio
R.H. = average ambient relative humidity
from map
 Relative Humidity

Page 3-114 Figure 3.10.12

 Relaxation

• Relaxation of prestressing tendons is based on the

strand properties

 
RE  K re  J  SH  CR  ES   C
 

Where:
Kre and J - Tabulated in the PCI handbook
C - Tabulated or by empirical equations in the PCI
handbook
 Relaxation Table

• Values for Kre and J

for given strand
• Table 4.7.3.1
page 4-85
 Relaxation Table Values for C

• fpi = initial stress in

prestress strand
• fpu = ultimate stress
for prestress strand
• Table 4.7.3.2
(Page 4-86)
 Prestress Transfer Length

• Transfer length –
Length when the stress
in the strand is applied lt   fse 3  db

to the concrete
• Transfer length is not
used to calculate
capacity

 
lt  fse 3  db
 Prestress Development Length

• Development length -
length required to
develop ultimate strand
capacity
• Development length is
not used to calculate
stresses in the member


ld  lt  fps  fse 
  
ld  fse 3  db  fps  fse 
Beam Ledge Geometry
 Beam Ledge Design

• For Concentrated loads where s > bt + hl, find

the lesser of:

 
Vn  3      f 'c  hl  2  b l  b  b t  hl 
 

 
Vn      f 'c  hl  2  b l  b  b t  hl  2  de 
 
 Beam Ledge Design

• For Concentrated loads where s < bt + hl, find

the lesser of:

 
Vn  1.5      f 'c  hl  2  bl  b  b t  hl  s 
 

 b  h  



Vn      f 'c  hl   bl  b   t
 2 
l
  de  s 

 Beam Ledge Reinforcement

• For continuous loads or closely spaced concentrated

loads:

Vn  24    hl    f 'c

• Ledge reinforcement should be provided by 3 checks

– As, cantilevered bending of ledge
– Al, longitudinal bending of ledge
– Ash, shear of ledge
 Beam Ledge Reinforcement

• Transverse (cantilever) bending reinforcement, As

• Uniformly spaced over width of 6hl on either side of the
bearing
• Not to exceed half the
distance to the next load
• Bar spacing should not
exceed the ledge depth,
hl, or 18 in

1   a h 
A s    Vu     Nu   l  
fy   d  d  
Nu
0.2 
Vdl
 Longitudinal Ledge Reinforcement

• Placed in both the top and bottom of the ledge

portion of the beam:

Al 
 
200  bl  b  dl
fy
Where:
dl - is the depth of steel

U-bars or hooked bars may

be required to develop
reinforcement at the end
of the ledge
 Hanger Reinforcement

• Required for attachment of the ledge to the web

• Distribution and spacing
of Ash reinforcement
should follow the same
guidelines as for As

Vu
A sh 
  fy

 m
 Hanger (Shear) Ledge Reinforcement

• Ash is not additive to shear and torsion

reinforcement
• “m” is a modification factor which can be
derived, and is dependent on beam section
geometry. PCI 6th edition has design aids
on table 4.5.4.1
 Dap Design

(1) Flexure (cantilever bending) and axial tension in the

extended end. Provide flexural reinforcement, Af, plus
axial tension reinforcement, An.
 Dap Design

(2) Direct shear at the junction of the dap and the main body
of the member. Provide shear friction steel, composed of
Avf + Ah, plus axial tension reinforcement, An
 Dap Design

(3) Diagonal tension emanating from the re-entrant

corner. Provide shear reinforcement, Ash
 Dap Design

(4) Diagonal tension in the extended end. Provide shear

reinforcement composed of Ah and Av
 Dap Design

(5) Diagonal tension in the undapped portion. This is

resisted by providing a full development length for As
beyond the potential crack.
 Dap Reinforcement

5 Main Areas of Steel

• Tension - As • Diagonal cracking – Ash, A’sh
• Shear steel - Ah • Dap Shear Steel - Av
 Tension Steel – As

• The horizontal reinforcement is determined in

a manner similar to that for column corbels:

1   a h  Nu
As  A f  An    Vu     Nu   l   and 0.2 
fy   d  d   Vdl
 Shear Steel – Ah

• The potential vertical crack (2) is resisted by a

combination of As and Ah

2  Vu
Ah   An
3    fy  m e
 Shear Steel – Ah

• Note the development ld of Ah beyond the

assumed crack plane. Ah is usually a U-bar
such that the bar is developed in the dap
 Diagonal Cracking Steel – Ash

• The reinforcement required to resist diagonal

tension cracking starting from the re-entrant
corner (3) can be calculated from:

Vu
A sh  and   .75
  fy
 Dap Shear Steel – Av

• Additional reinforcement for Crack (4) is

required in the extended end, such that:


Vn    A v  fy  Ah  fy  2  b  d    f 'c 
 Dap Shear Steel – Av

• At least one-half of the reinforcement

required in this area should be placed
vertically. Thus:
1 V 
Av     2  b  d    f 'c 
u

2  fy   
 Dap Limitations and Considerations

• Design Condition as a dap if any of the

following apply
– The depth of the recess exceeds 0.2H or 8 in.
– The width of the recess (lp) exceeds 12 in.
– For members less than 8 in. wide, less than one-
half of the main flexural reinforcement extends to
the end of the member above the dap
– For members 8 in. or more wide, less than one-
third of the main flexural reinforcement extends to
the end of the member above the dap
Questions?