Energy Considerations

Mr G Pahla
 Reynolds Transport Theorem

Sum of flow in and flow 
No deformation  out
of CV (steady 
state)
B represents mass, momentum or energy
b represents the parameter B per unit mass

If B is mass then b=1;

Note: B = mb
 ENERGY EQUATION

Components of E:
=0;Steady flow
KE, PE and Internal energy (U)
dE d

dt dt cv
e d   e V . d A
cs
dE   Q H   W
e  ei  ek  e p
Q H W mV 2 V 2
   ( ei  e k  e p )  V . d A ek  
dt dt cs 2m 2

Q H W d V2 mgz
   (u   gz )  V . d A ep   gz
dt dt dt cs 2 m
ei  u
W W s
  pV . d A 
dt cs dt
 ENERGY EQUATION

  V2
QH  Ws   p V . d A   (u   gz )  V . d A
cs cs 2
  V2 p
Q H  W s   (u   gz  )  V . d A
cs 2 

   p2   V22  p1   V12
Q H  W s   u 2  gz 2   m    2V2 dA2   u1  gz1   m   1V1dA1
 2  A 2  1  A 2

V2 V m2 
A 2  V dA   2 m
Laminar flow: α≈2
 
    V 3 dA  / V m3 A Turbulent flow: α≈1
A 
 ENERGY EQUATION

   p2 Vm22    p1 Vm21  
Q H  W s   u 2  gz 2  2  m   u1  gz1    1  m
 2 2   1 2 
  
W s  W p W t

Dividing the above terms by m g

  

p1 V 2
Wp p2 V W t  u 2  u1 Q H 
2
 1 m1
 z1    2  z2    
m2
  
g 2g m g g 2g mg  g m g 

p1 V12 p 2 V 22
  z1  h p    z 2  ht  h L
g 2 g g 2 g
 PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS

To compute hL (total head losses) we need to calculate major

and minor losses

Major losses: loss in straight pipes

Minor losses: loss in pipe fittings and system components

The loss coefficient K L defined as:

PIPES IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL
LOOP