INDUCTION MOTORS

General Three phase induction motor

• The induction machine is used as a
motor and as a generator. However,
it is most frequently used as a
motor. It is the Workhorse of
industry.
• Majority of the motors used by
industry are squirrel cage induction
motors.
• Both three-phase and single-phase
motors are widely used.
• The induction generators are
seldom used. Their typical
application is the wind power plant.
 INDUCTION MOTORS

• Stator construction
– Laminated iron core with slots
– Coils are placed in the slots to form
a three or single phase winding

• Squirrel-cage rotor
construction
– Laminated Iron core with slots
– Metal bars are molded in the slots
– Two rings short circuits the bars
– The bars are slanted to reduce
noise
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Construction Concept of squirrel cage motor

• The stator has a ring shape
Stator with Ring to short
laminated iron core with slots. laminated circuit the bars
iron-core
• A three or single-phase winding Phase Phase
C
A
is placed in the slots. Slots with
Bars winding
B-
• The rotor has a ring-shape A+
laminated iron core, with slots C+
bolted to the shaft.
Squirrel cage
• Squirrel Cage Rotor: Conductor Rotor C-
A-
bars are placed in the slots and
B+
short circuited at both ends Phase
(Most frequently used). B
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Construction Concept of wound-rotor motor

Wound-rotor:
Stator with Laminated core
• Three-phase windings are placed laminated with slots
in the slots. Phase iron-core
Phase
C
• The winding is wye or delta A
Slots with
connected. Three phase winding
winding B-
• The ends of each phase is A+
connected to a slip ring. C+

• Three brushes contact the three Slip

slip-rings. rings C-
• The rotor winding may be loaded A-
B+
by variable resistance's or Phase
supplied by a separate power B
supply.
Shaft
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Stator Construction Stator iron core construction

• The figure shows a typical stator
iron core.
• The laminated ring shaped core
is bolted to the motor frame.
• The coils are placed in the slots.
The slots are closed by a
wedge.
• The coil ends are shaped to fit
to the iron core and tied
together by strings.
• High voltage motor coils are
dried and impregnated.
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Stator Construction Stator winding construction

• The figure shows typical stator

coil construction.
• The coil is wound on a form
using insulated (enamel) copper coil end
Tape-wound
conductors.
coil insulation
• The coil is insulated by coil sides
insulating tape.
• The insulated coil is placed in Tape-wound
the stator slots. coil insulation
• The two sides of the coil are
approximately 180o electrical coil end
degree apart.
coil leads
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Squirrel-cage rotor Rotor construction

• The picture shows the rotor of a
small and a large motor.
• Both rotors have laminated cores
with slots, mounted on a shaft.
• The aluminum bars are slanted on
the small rotor. This reduces the
noise and improves performance.
• Fins are placed on the ring that
shorts the bars. The fins work as a
fan and improves cooling.
• The large rotor also has fins and
bars. But the bars are not slanted.
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Wound-rotor Rotor construction

• The picture shows the

rotor of a large wound-
rotor motor
• The ends of each phase
is connected to a slip
ring.
• Three brushes contact
the three slip-rings to
three wye connected
resistances.
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Operation principles.

• The stator is supplied by three-phase voltages that drive three- phase

balanced current through the windings.
• The three-phase currents generate a rotating magnetic field.
• The field rotates at synchronous speed. Synchronous speed is
determined by the frequency of the supply voltage and the number of
poles: ns = f / p/2 = 2 f / p. The unit is rpm.
• The rotating field induces a voltage in the short-circuited rotor
conductors.
• The induced voltage generates current in the bars.
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Operation principles
• The interaction between the rotor current and the stator field produces a
force that drives the motor: Force = B I L sin f
• The induced voltage magnitude is dependent upon the speed difference
between the rotating stator field and the rotor.
• The speed difference is maximum during starting when the motor draws
large current. The frequency of the rotor current is 60 Hz when the rotor is
stationary.
• As the motor starts to rotate the speed difference is reduced, which results
in:
– reduction on the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor.
– reduced magnitude of rotor current and induced voltage.
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Force generation.
• Rotating field induces Brotating
current in the bar .
Force
• The current and field Ir
interaction generates the
driving force.
• Force = Brotating L Ir

• The force drives the

motor.

• L is the length of the

rotor

Ring
 INDUCTION MOTORS

Operation principles.

• If the rotor speed is equal to the angular speed of the stator field, the
induced voltage, current and torque become zero. Therefore the motor
speed must be less than the synchronous speed.
• Motor operation requires speed difference between the stator generated
rotating field and the actual rotor speed. The speed difference is called
slip (s) and defined as:

s = (ns - nr) / ns where ns = 2 f / p

• The frequency of the rotor current is: fr = s f

• The slip in normal operation is between 1 and 5 %
 INDUCTION MOTORS

A three-phase, 20 hp, 208 V, 60 Hz, six pole, wye connected induction

motor delivers 15 kW at a slip of 5%.

Calculate:
a) Synchronous speed
b) Rotor speed
c) Frequency of rotor current

Solution
- Synchronous speed: ns = 2 f / p = (120) / 6 = 20 rev/sec = 1200 rpm
- Rotor speed: nr = (1-s) ns = (1- 0.05) (1200) = 1140 rpm
- Frequency of rotor current: fr = s f = (0.05) (60) = 3 Hz
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit

• The induction motor consists of a two magnetically connected systems:

Stator and rotor.

• The applied voltage (V1) across phase A is equal to the sum of the
– induced voltage (E1).
– voltage drop across the stator resistance (I1 R1).
– voltage drop across the stator leakage reactance (I1 j X1).
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit

• The greater the relative motion between rotor and stator magnetic fields, the
greater the resulting rotor voltage E2.
• The greatest E2 occurs when rotor is blocked (why?) called E2O. At certain
slip:
E2 = s. E2O ; X2 = s. X2O

E2
I2 
R 2  jX 2
s.E 20
I2 
R 2  j.sX 20
E 20
I2 
R 2 / s  jX 20
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit.
R '2  a 2 R 2
• If all parameters are referred to stator side:
X '20  a 2 X 20
Where
a = turn ratio (effective) between stator and rotor
R’2 = rotor resistance referred to stator
X’20 = rotor reactance (at blocked rotor) referred to stator
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit.

• R2 and X20 are very difficult (or impossible) to determine directly from
squirrel-cage rotors and so the “a”. But we can get those from direct
measurement R2 and X2.
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Development of equivalent circuit.

• The induction motor equivalent circuit can be simplified by moving the

magnetizing branch to the supply side, and dividing the rotor resistance into
two parts: R’2 / s = R’2 + R’2 (1-s) / s.
• The first resistance represents the copper loss in the rotor. The second one
represents the electric developed motor power.

Rotor
Copper Losses

Electric Developed
Power
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test

The motor parameters are determined from three tests:

1. No-load test. Provides the magnetizing reactance and core resistance ( Rc

and Xm ).
2. Blocked-Rotor Test (Short circuit test). Provides (R1+R’2) and (X1+X’2).
3. Stator DC resistance measurement. Determines the stator resistance value
( R1).
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test

Stator DC resistance measurement

– The motor is supplied by DC voltage between two terminals ( A and B at
the figure).
– The DC voltage and current are measured.
– The resistance is:
A
Idc jX1
Vdc
R1  Vdc
2  I dc R1
R1

R1
B
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test
• No-load test
– The motor is supplied by rated line -to -line voltage (Vml ) and the no-load
current Inl and the no load input power Pnl are measured.

– The no-load input power includes magnetizing and rotational losses.

– Using the measured values, the admittance and resistance are calculated if
the winding leakage impedance is neglected:

Pin = V1.I1.cos j
Y=I/V
Y = G +jB
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.

• Blocked-Rotor Test
– The motor is supplied by reduced voltage V1 and lower
frequency voltage. Reduced frequency simulates that rotor
current frequency is small in normal operation.
– The voltage Vbr , current Ibr, the input power Pb r are
measured.
– The rotor is blocked slip is s =1. Magnetizing reactance and
resistance are neglected because of reduced supply voltage.
Bloacked Rotor Test
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.
• Blocked-Rotor Test Rbr

P  I2 .R
br br br

P Xbr
R  br
br 3 I 2
br


 V
Z  br
br I
br
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test.
• Blocked-Rotor Test
– Blocked rotor reactance at the test frequency ftest is:

X br test  Z br 2  R br 2
– Blocked rotor reactance at the rated frequencies:
Xbr = Xbr, test (frated / ftest )

– The equivalent circuit parameters are calculated from:

Rbr = R1 + R’2 and Xbr = X1 + X’2

– R1 is determined by stator resistance measurement.

 INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test
A three-phase, 30 hp, 208 V, 4 pole, 60 Hz, wye-connected induction

motor was tested, obtaining the following data:

- No load at 60 Hz: Vnl = 208 V Inl =22 A Pnl = 1600 W

- Blocked Rotor
at 15 Hz: Vbr = 21 V Ibr =71 A Pbr = 2100 W
- DC test: Vdc= 12 V Idc =75 A

a) Calculate:
– the equivalent circuit parameters
– the rotational losses
b) Draw the equivalent circuit with the parameter values.
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Performance Analysis.
• The induction motor performance is evaluated using the equivalent circuit.
• The power flow diagram is shown in the figure:
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
The Induced Torque in motor is given by :

jX m
Vthev  V1
R1  jX1  jX m

Xm
Vthev  V1
R1   X 1  X m 
2 2
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic

jX m R1  jX1 
Z thev 
R1  j  X 1  X m 

Since Xm>>X1 and Xm>>R1 then

Xm
Vthev  V1
X1  X m
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic

jX m R1  jX1 
Z thev  Rthev  jX thev 
R1  j  X 1  X m 

Because Xm>>X1 and Xm+X1>>R1 then :

2
 Xm  X
Rthev  R1  
 X1  X m 
Vthev

X thev  X 1
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
X
Vthev
I '2 
Rthev  R2 / s  jX thev  jX 2

Vthev
I '2 
Rthev  R2 / s 2   X thev  X 2 2

2
3Vthev .R2 / s
PAG 
Rthev  R2 / s 2   X thev  X 2 2
PAG
And the rotor induced torque is  ind 
 sync
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
2
3Vthev .R2 / s
 ind 

 sync . Rthev  R2 / s 2   X thev  X 2 2 
This equation is plotted as :
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Maximum Torque of Induction Motor
From equivalent circuit, maximum power transfer is achieved when
R’2 equal to rest of impedance in the left.

  X thev  X 2 
R2
 2 2
Rthev
smax T

Subtitute to Torque Equation,

3 2
Vthev
Tmax  2

sync . Rthev    X thev  X 2  

2 2
Rthev
 
 INDUCTION MOTORS
Starting Torque of Induction Motor
When starts slip is equal to (ns- nr)/nr = 1. From Torque Equation,
put s = 1 :
2
3Vthev .R2 / 1
 start 

sync . Rthev  R2 / 1   X thev  X 2 
2 2


2
3Vthev .R2
 start 

sync . Rthev  R2    X thev  X 2 
2 2

 INDUCTION MOTORS
Class Design of Induction Motor
Motor
Description X1 X2
Class
Normal starting Torque,
A 0.5 0.5
normal starting current
Normal starting Torque,
B 0.4 0.6
Low starting current
High starting Torque,
C 0.3 0.7
Low starting current
High starting Torque,
D 0.5 0.5
High Slip
Wound
0.5 0.5
rotor
 Control of Induction Motor
Why we need Control for Induction Motor?
What parameters can be controlled in Induction Motor?
 Speed Control of Induction Motor
There are some technique controlling (speed) of induction motor:

1. Pole changing

2. Line Frequency Control

3. Line Voltage Control

4. Rotor Resistance Control (for wound rotor only)

5. Slip Control by Auxiliary Devices (for wound rotor only)

 Control of Induction Motor

Pole changing
 Control of Induction Motor
Pole changing
 Control of Induction Motor
Pole changing derives three control of Induction Motor :
A) Constant Torque
B) Constant Horse Power
C) Variable Torque
 Control of Induction Motor
Line Frequency Control

(a.) (b.)

(a) The family of torque-speed Characteristic curves for speeds below base
speed. assuming that the line voltage is derated linearly with frequency. (b)
The family of torque-speed characteristic curves for speeds above base
speed. Assuming that the line voltage is held constant
 Induction Motor Derating
• If we operate induction machine below its base speed it
must reduce the line voltage linearly. This call as derating.
• Since, the induction motor is basically similiar to a
transformer, then from the faraday’s law :

If frequency line is decreased by 10 % then the magnetic fluk will

increaese about 10%. Increasing the flux will make the core saturated
 Control of Induction Motor
Line Voltage Control

V1
V
decreasing
V2 V1> V2 > V3
nr1> nr2 > nr3
V3

nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n

s NL
 Control of Induction Motor
Rotor Resistance Control

R1< R2< R3
nr1< nr2< nr3
R1
R2
R3

nr3 nr2 nr1 n

ns~nNL
 Control of Induction Motor
Slip Control
 Induction Motor
Effect of Double Cage
When rotor rotates in low speed the frequency of current flow in the
rotor bar is high. So as the opposite.
The rotor cage can be designed so that the effective resistance at high
frequency is several times their resistance at low frequency.
 Induction Motor
Effect of Skewed Rotor Cage
The skewed rotor cage reduce
the induced voltage at rotor.
The short-circuit current can be
reduced.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
Single phase motor is often called as fractional hp motor
caused their small rated power.

This is the most frequently used motor for refrigerators,

washing machines, clocks, drills compressors, pumps, etc.

Single phase motor is classified as their starting method

 Single Phase Induction Motors

• The main winding is supplied by a Main winding flux

single-phase ac current that produces a
pulsating magnetic field. -t +t
Main
• The pulsating field can be divided into winding
two fields, rotating in opposite directions. +
• The interaction between the fields and _
the current induced in the rotor bars
generates opposing torque.
• Under these conditions, the motor will
not start, as shown in the figure.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
Single-phase motors. Concepts.

• Assume the motor is started by an external torque and rotated with a

speed of n in the forward direction. ns is the synchronous speed.

• This generates a positive slip related to the forward rotating field.

s+ =(ns-n)/ ns The positive slip is small 1-5%

• This generates a negative slip related to the reverse rotating field.

s- =(ns+ n) / ns Negative slip is large 1.95-1.99

• The combination of the two equations results in:

s- = 2- s+
 Single Phase Induction Motors

The torque is inversely dependent upon the slip.

P2 (1  s) 1 (1  s)
T  I2 R2
2
 I2 R2
2
s s s  s s2

• A small positive slip (0.01-0.03) generates larger torque

than a larger negative slip (1.95-1.99).

• The torque difference drives the motor, which continues to

rotate in a forward direction without any external torque.
 Single Phase Induction Motors

An “external torque” is needed to

rotate rotor at starting.

An auxilliary winding is established

prependicularly with main winding
as seen in figure.

Centrifugal switch will operate

(disconnected) at about 75%
synchronous speed.

SPLIT PHASE MOTORS

 Single Phase Induction Motors
Typical application is for fans,
blowers, centifugal pump.

Its typical rating from 1/20-hp to ½-

hp.
 Single Phase Induction Motors

An “external torque” is needed to

rotate rotor at starting.

Beside auxilliary winding, a

capacitor is added to improve
starting performance.

CAPACITOR-TYPE MOTORS
 Single Phase Induction Motors

Typical application is for

compressor, pump, refrigeration,
air conditioning equipment.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
Using permanent capacitor results simplified construction,
improve power factor and efficiency.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
Using permanent capacitor combined with starting capacitor
results optimum starting and running performance.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
Using permanent capacitor combined with starting capacitor
results optimum starting and running performance.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
A shaded pole motor schematically is illustrated in figure.
Induced current in the shading coil cause the flux in the shaded
portion of the pole to lag the flux in the other portion.
 Single Phase Induction Motors
The reluctance of air gap is function of angular position of rotor
with respect to the stator coil as axis will produce reluctance
torque when the rotor revolving at sychronous speed.