OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY & HEALTH

HAZARDs
FID 10102
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT

1
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:

Interpret the
Identify the hazard and its
workplace hazard injuries or
consequences

Foster a safe and

healthy work
environment

2
Identify Hazards
Broad categories of hazard
To help with the process of identifying hazards it is useful to categorise
hazards in different ways, for example by topic, e.g.:

Chemical /
Mechanical Electrical
hygiene

Fire and
Substances
explosion

3
Mechanical
Hazards

4
Unit Learning Outcomes
1. Able to define definition of mechanical hazards
2. Able to recognize types of mechanical hazard
3. Able to list mechanical hazard
4. Explain effect of mechanical hazard

5
Mechanical Hazards
Definition:
Mechanical hazards are created as a result of either powered or manual
(human) use of tools, equipment or machinery and plant.
An example of a mechanical hazard is: contact and/or entanglement
with unguarded moving parts on a machine.

6
Machinery hazard
Machinery part
• Moveable part: Establishes output function. E.g. drill bit
• Prime Movers: Engine, motor or other devices that bring
mechanical energy that come from steam, water, air, electric or
etc.

• Fixed part: Transmit power or movement energy to moveable

part. e.g. Motor transmission
• Transmission Machinery: shaft, wheel, pulley, coupling, clutch,
timing belt or any other main devices that transfer or receive
by any other machine part or equipment.

7
 Mechanical hazard
Cutting:

• Contact with sharp surface or edge.

• Example: Saw, Knife blade, abrasion disc

Shearing:
• Produce or divide/cut an object by cutting/shearing

Stabbing and Puncturing

• Stab of machine part, work piece and flying object into body.
• Example: needle, drill machine

Impact:
• Object or part of machine that assault on body but not stab into body.
• Example: accident with movement part.

Entanglement:
• Cloth or hairs that entangle into moveable or turn part.
• Example: roll machine, gear, shaft, chain.
8
Mechanical hazard – cont.
Friction and Abrasion:
• Burn or slice skin body layer.
• Example: abrasive wheel, sanding
Crushing:
• Compress of body part between two machine part/object.
• Example: stamping machinery, power press machine.
Drawing In
• Body caught by the machine and trapped between moveable machine parts.
• Example: roll machine
Ejection:
• Push out of work piece or machinery part.
• Cause effect:
• Failure of machine
• Failure of work piece
• Example : abrasive wheel, drill machine

Release of Potential Energy:

• Pressure release
• Falling object 9
Summary
1. The most common mechanical injuries are cutting and tearing,
shearing, crushing, breaking, straining, spraining, and puncturing.
2. Most of them can be eliminate or reduce by redesign the tools or
put safeguard.
3. All safeguards should have the following characteristics: prevent
contact, be secure and durable, protect against falling objects,
create no new hazards, create no interference, and allow safe
maintenance.
4. When hazards or hazardous behaviors are observed, corrective
action should be taken immediately. Waiting to act can be fatal.

10
 List and briefly
explain the common
Activity 1

types of mechanical
injury hazards.

11
Electrical Safety

12
Unit Learning Outcomes
1. Explain how electricity is measured.
2. List electrical hazard.
3. Effects of electricity to human
4. Electrical safety principle

13
How Electricity is Measured?
Volts the “pressure” under which
electricity flows.

Amps measure the amount of

electric current

Watts measure the amount of

work done by a certain amount
of current at a certain pressure
or voltage.

14
Electrical Hazards
Electrical shock

Arcing

Fire

Static electricity

15
 Electrical Hazard - Shock
Occurs when live wire comes into
contact with earth

Causes muscle expansion and

contraction – spasm

Disrupts normal heart function

Can cause respiratory failure

16
Electrical Hazard - Arching
Electrical connectivity from one device to another
caused by different charges

Causes conjunctivitis which last for 3 to 4 days

Does not affect contact lens

17
Electrical Hazard - Fire
Arch comes into contact with flammable
materials

Short-circuits

Overloading

Static electricity

18
 Electrical Hazard – Static Electricity
Caused when two insulators are
rubbed against each other

Energy is stored within the insulator

Characteristic
• High voltage, low current

Causes electrical shock

Source of ignition in a flammable

environment

19
Effects of Current
The effect is dependent on:
• Amount of current and voltage
• Body resistance
• Severity of shock
• Duration

Effects of Electricity on Human:

• 3 milliamps - mild shock
• 7 milliamps - painful shock
• 20 milliamps - breathing difficulty
• 70 milliamps - risk of death
• 700 milliamps - body tissue begins to scald
• 3000 milliamps - heart stops
20
Electrical Safety Principle
Protection against
direct contact
• Insulate parts that has
the potential for shock

Protection against
indirect contact
• Provide effective earthing

21
Safe Use of Electricity
Important factors to consider

Circuit protection: Earthing

• Electrical circuits must have fuse and circuit • Must for all equipment
breaker
• Earth connection connected to earth directly
Isolators:
Protection
• Must be labeled
• Incorporate earth leakage protection – residual
• Can be easily reached
current devices
• Fitted on every equipment
• Incorporate Interlock Switch
• Can be locked
• Insulators for conductors
Maintenance & repair • Safety Signage
• Safe work systems
• Establish rules, checks and monitoring
procedures
• Establish maintenance schedule
• Provide adequate access around electrical
equipment
• Performed by qualified personnel
• Proper parts replacement, fuse, capacitor, etc.

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 Activity 2

23
 Activity 2 cont

24
CHEMICAL SAFETY

25
Unit Learning Outcomes
Able to explain what is
chemical hazards

Able to explain how to

control hazard

26
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Health effects

Fire and explosion

Damage to environment

27
Health Effects
A toxic substance is one that has a negative effect on
the health of a person or animal.

The effect produced by a toxic substance depends on

its:
• Properties
• The amount of the dose
• The level of exposure
• The individual’s resistance.

The route of entry of a toxic substance is an important

consideration. Common routes of entry include:
• Ingestion
• Injection
• Absorption
• Inhalation
28
CONTROL PRINCIPLES
Employer and employee must know how to handle
hazardous chemicals

Minimise risk - avoid contact or produce chemicals to

dangerous level

Medical surveillance and consistent working environment

Properly dispose chemical waste

29
 KNOW THE HAZARDS
LABELLING OF CONTAINER
• Clear indication to show identity
• Give attention of chemical danger to
chemical handler and user
• Use symbol, risk phrases and safety

HAZARD INFORMATION
• International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC)
• Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)

30
OPERATION CONTROL
STRATEGIES
Control strategies:

Exposure monitoring

Health surveillance

Instruction and supervision

Training and education

Workers cooperation and active participation

Record keeping

31
Summary
The most prominent hazards in the workplace are chemical, physical, biological,
and ergonomic.

The main routes of entry for toxic agents are inhalation, absorption, and
ingestion.

The most common types of airborne contaminants are dusts, fumes, smoke,
aerosols, mists, gases, and vapors.

General prevention and control strategies include the following: substitution,

process changes, isolation, moisture to reduce dust, exhaust methods,
ventilation, personal protective equipment, good housekeeping, special control
methods, medical programs, and education and training.
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Manual Handling

33
Unit Learning Outcomes
Explain the definition of manual handling
Accident might happened when manual handling
List types of injuries that are associated with poor manual handling.
Explain the factor to consider to overcome the accident while doing
manual handling

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Manual Handling
Definition

“ Any activity that involves lifting, pushing, pulling, moving, shifting,

holding and restraining load manually ”

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 Manual handling
The incident might happen:
◦ Miscarried the load
◦ Bumped by the load
◦ Dropped / slipped by the carried load
◦ Touched with sharp edge of the load

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Manual handling
The injuries will be on:
◦ Outer body part
◦ Scratches
◦ Cuts
◦ Scrapes

◦ Inner body part

◦ Damage of ligament and muscle
◦ Slipped disc
◦ Hernia
◦ Rheumatic

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Manual Handling
Factors to be considered:
◦ Size
◦ Condition of load
◦ Physical shape of load
◦ Weight
◦ Stability
◦ External surface of load
◦ Location of load

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Manual Handling
o Factors to be considered:
 Condition of floor surface
 Head clearance
 Surrounding temperature
 Lighting
 Mental and physical condition of worker
 Appropriate lifting tools
 Workers clothing

39
Manual Handling Strategy
Know the load to be lifted
Know the where the load is supposed to be placed
Evaluate the potential risk
Chose the ideal lifting method
Make necessary arrangement prior to moving the
load
Monitor the task being performed

40
Safety Measure - Before
Determine whether if the weight can be distributed
Re-shape bulky items to facilitate lifting
Change the work area or work station layout e.g. fit
the workstation to the workers height
Look for alternative methods e.g. pull, push, etc.

41
Safety Measure - Before
 Evaluate lifting technique – use proper body posture
 Use lifting aid to carry load – wedge, crow bars, etc.
 Train the workers to perform work safely

42
Safety Measure - During
Use the right method and technique
Ensure work plan is followed
Evaluate the work technique and procedure continuously

43
Activity 1

44
Activity 1 cont

45
MAINTENANCE SAFETY

46
TYPE OF MAINTENANCE
Preventive Maintenance
Statutory Preventive Maintenance
Breakdown Maintenance
Online Maintenance

47
FREQUENCY OF
MAINTENANCE
 Age of machinery
 Record of machinery failures
 Condition of machine operations
 Instruction / Recommendation / Recommendation from supplier
 Legislative requirements
 Company Policy

48
ACCIDENT DURING
MAINTENANCE
Exposure to dangerous substances
Contact with elements / material / moving parts
of machinery
Fall
◦ on the same level
◦ from height
Hit by falling objects

49
MAINTENANCE SAFETY
Steps to be taken :
Provide safety training for employees involved
Establish SOP
Establish safe system of work
Supervise works to be done
Establish work permit before start work
Draft regulations of maintenance work
Put in place warning sign
Selection of workers
Provide clothing & suitable PPE
Use suitable tools
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Office Safety

51
CHAIRS AND DESKS
GOOD LOWER BACK SUPPORT
ADJUSTABLE - KNEES AND HIPS ARE LEVEL.
CHAIRS ON CASTORS MUST HAVE 5 LEGS
IF YOUR DESK IS TOO HIGH, COMPENSATE BY RAISING THE SEAT
HEIGHT OF YOUR CHAIR
NEVER STAND ON THE CHAIR TO REACH ANYTHING, PARTICULAR
IF THE CHAIR HAS WHEELS OR IS OF THE SWIVEL KIND.

52
 COMPUTERS
A BADLY POSITIONED COMPUTER NOT ONLY MAKES THE USER
UNPRODUCTIVE, IT ALSO CAUSES DISCOMFORT.
IF THE MONITOR IS BADLY POSITIONED THE USER WILL PROBABLY
SUFFER EYESTRAIN, HEADACHES, STIFF NECK AND SHOULDERS, AND
BACKACHE.
THE MONITOR SHOULD BE PLACED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE USER
TO OPTIMISE A VISUAL RANGE OF 30 IN ANY DIRECTION
THE SCREEN SHOULD BE 45-60 CM AWAY FROM THE USER’S EYES

53
STACKING AND STORAGE
LIGHT OBJECTS STORED ON TOP AND HEAVY OBJECTS IN
THE BOTTOM - ALSO IN FILING CABINETS.
BOXES, FILES AND OTHER HEAVY ARTICLES MUST NOT BE
STACKED ON TOP OF CABINETS, CUPBOARDS OR WINDOW
SILLS.
KEEP PASSAGES CLEAR AND FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
UNOBSTRUCTED.

54
ELECTRICAL SAFEGUARDING
NO UNAUTHORISED PERSON MAY TAMPER WITH ANY ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCE OR DISTRIBUTION BOARD.
DO NOT OVERLOAD SOCKETS. ASK FOR AN ADDITTIONAL POINT TO BE
INSTALLED
IF A MACHINE TRIP OR AN ELECTRICAL CABLE BECOME WARM TO THE
TOUCH, IT MUST BE DISCONNECTED AND REPORTED WIHTOUT DELAY
CABLE AND EXTENSION CORDS SHOULD NOT BE RUN UNPROTECTED
BENEATH CARPETING NOR SHOULD THEY SPAN WALKWAYS WITHOUT
BEING SECURED IN AN ENCAPSULATION DEVICE.

55
ELECTRICAL SAFEGUARDING
DO NOT USE TAPED JOINTS TO CONNECT CABLES SINCE THEY
DON’T HAVE SUFFICIENT INSULATION OR PROTECTION FROM
LIQUIDS.
DO CARRY OUT YOUR OWN VISUAL INSPECTIONS OF PLUGS AND
LEADS AND GET THEM REPAIRED AS NECESSARY.
LOOK OUT FOR:
◦ PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO THE CABLE
◦ DAMAGE TO THE PLUGS
◦ INSECURE CONNECTIONS TO THE PLUG
DO SWITCH OFF EQUIPMENT BEFORE UNPLUGGING AND BEFORE
CLEANING

56
SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS
PREVENT THEM BY REMEMBERING THE FOLLOWING:

◦ DO NOT ALLOW CABLING TO CREATE A TRIPPING HAZARD

◦ CLEAR UP SPILLAGES QUICKLY
◦ DO NOT BLOCK PASSAGEWAYS
◦ KEEP OFFICE AREAS CLEAN
◦ KEEP STACKING AND STORAGE AREAS SAFE

57
STAIRS
◦ DISTRACTION ON STAIRS
◦ TAKE ONE STEP AT A TIME
◦ DON’T LOAD YOUR ARMS SO FULL OF MATERIALS THAT YOU CAN’T SEE
◦ KEEP ONE HAND ON THE HANDRAIL
◦ DON’T CONGREGATE ON STAIRS OR LANDINGS
◦ KEEP STAIRS WELL LIGHTED

58
OFFICE MACHINES
LEARN HOW TO OPERATE THEM SAFELY BEFORE YOU USE THEM
LOOSE CLOTHING, JEWELLERY, LONG FLOWING HAIR TO BE KEPT OUT
OF MACHINES.
KEEP HANDS AND FINGERS CLEAR OF PAPER INLET AT THE SHREDDER.
SWITCH THE MACHINE OFF BEFORE TRYING TO CLEAR A BLOCKAGE.

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CONSTRUCTIO
N SAFETY

60
HAZARDS AT CONSTRUCTION SITE
Heat stress Ergonomics
Noise Biological
Mineral dust Work at height
Machinery (mechanical) Work in confined space
Electrical Lighting
Radiation Suffocation / drown
Chemicals

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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:

Formulate Safety and Health Policy

Employ SHO (depending on project value) or site safety
supervisor
Put in place and enforce safety and health procedures at a
place of work

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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:

Prepare / issue permit of work for high risk activities

Supervision of high risk activities
Provide Safety and Health induction training to all workers

63
SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:

Issue PPE and ensure usage

Put in place safe work procedures
Make available suitable and safe tools and equipments
to work with

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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Control:

Appoint competent and trained persons to work with high risk

jobs such as crane handling, working at height etc.
Conduct investigation on accidents or dangerous occurrences
Conduct inspection at workplace

65
SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Management Controls:

Provision of communication system to enable feedbacks from

employees
Set up maintenance programs of all machinery and equipment
Put in place warning signage where appropriate

66
MECHANICAL
HANDLING

67
MECHANICAL HANDLING
Type of machinery:

Lift
Escalator, travellator, walkalator
Crane and hoist
Conveyor
Forklift

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MECHANICAL HAZARD
MACHINE HAZARD
 Lift (Maintenance worker )
Trap between lift and wall

 Entanglement

 Fall from height

 Ergonomic problem

 Electrocution

 Conveyor  Trap between roller

 Engtaglement

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HAZARD - MECHANICAL HANDLING
MACHINE HAZARD
 Truck  Accidental hit
 Fork lift  falling load

 Caught between machine and object

 Crane  Accidental hit

• Crawler Crane  Entanglement

• Mobile Crane  Falling load

• Tower Crane

• Overhead travelling
crane

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HAZARD - MECHANICAL HANDLING

MACHINE HAZARD

 Escalator (Passenger)
 Entanglement

 Slip

(Maintenance employee)
 Caught between roller or chain

 Ergonomic problem

 Electrocution

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HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROL TECHNIQUE

1. Schedule inspection on machinery and

components
2. Proper planning on maintenance aspect
3. Safe operating procedure
4. Appoint suitable and competent operator
5. Provide adequate training
6. Suitable and safe machinery to be used

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 HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL TECHNIQUE
7. Supervision of work area
8. Barricade work area
9. Erection of signboard at work area
10. Fixed safety device
11. Effective communication system

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CONFINED SPACE

74
 HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACE
Hazards:

1. Lack of oxygen or oxygen enrichment

2. Toxic gases or vapors
3. Combustible gases or vapors
4. Chemicals
5. Physical hazards
-Heat, noise, mechanical equipment, falling, etc.
6. Radiation

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PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE

Step 1: Review Company Guideline

•Identify all confined spaces
•Find out what potential hazards exist
•Seal off & clearly mark all areas
•Make sure that you have a clear & suitable permit to
work scheme
•Follow all company rules & regulations
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PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE

Step 2: Preparation

• Select (purchase) all equipment that you will need-

both for standard use & emergencies
• Make sure have clear suitable permit to work
scheme
• Emergency procedure must clear
• Train all staff that are involved

77
PROCEDURE OF ENTRY

ADMINISTRATIVE

Step 2: Preparation

• Personal Protective Equipment must be in good

condition:
◦ Safety Helmet
◦ Safety Boot
◦ Safety Glass
◦ Others

78
PROCEDURE OF ENTRY

ADMINISTRATIVE

Step 2: Preparation

•Electrical appliances used free from wear and

damage
•Where necessary use non-sparkling hand tools
•No naked lights

79
PROCEDURE OF ENTRY
ADMINISTRATIVE

Step 3: Work Permit

•Indicate what precaution to take

•What work is to be done
•Authorizes entry into the space
•As safeguard
•Must follow the conditions
•Work permit should be displayed at the site before work starts

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FIRE SAFETY

81
 Introduction
The fire incident consists of:

◦ Tools and machineries

◦ Raw material
◦ Processes of production
Introduction
Fire location:

◦ Processes in line
◦ In confined space
◦ In the building
◦ Tools/machines in the building
◦ Outside tools /machines
◦ Store area
 Introduction
Causes of fire

◦ Short circuit
◦ Malfunction devices
◦ Welding, metal cutting activities
◦ Drown of flammable liquids or gasses
◦ Overheated
◦ Pipe leaking or malfunction
◦ Open fire
 Introduction
Factor that contribute to the fire

◦ Malfunction of fire pipe

◦ Water is not enough
◦ Inexistence of fire piping
◦ Human fault/ unawareness
◦ Presence of inflammable material
 Basic fire
Fire definition

One chemical reaction when inflammable and oxygen

mix with heat source or ignition.
 Basic fire
Fire triangle

Heat

 If one of this element is missing, there are no fire.

 Fire will stop if one element not exist
Basic fire
Gasses
◦ Fire by spark or small ignition

Solid or liquid
◦ Need more heat than gasses
◦ Need more oxygen ( 2 – 5%)
Basic fire
Ignition of flammable
◦ Small ignition
◦ Heated until self-ignition temperature
 Basic fire
Fire spread via:

◦ Direct fire
◦ Heat transfer
◦ Spread of inflammable material
Fire spread
Heat transfer via

◦ Flow
◦ Fire could be blocked by solid material

◦ Blow up
◦ Fire spread in vertical Beam/spark
◦ Spread to other object with direct contact
 Fire spread
Movement of fired material

◦Fired liquid
◦Flammable gasses
Basic fire
Ignition phenomena
◦ Self-ignition
◦ Ignition by:
◦ Spark
◦ Overheated surface
◦ Friction of surface
◦ Hot jet gasses
◦ Hot molecule
◦ Fire jet
◦ Combustion
 Sources of ignition
◦ Fire
◦ Open fire
◦ Fire in pressure vessel or tank
◦ Small fire

◦ Hot work
◦ Welding, cutting and grinding

◦ Hot surface
◦ Oven
◦ Over work machines. E.g. : motor, pump
IGNITION
Hot molecule
SOURCE
Friction
Chemical reaction - thermo
Unstable material and easy to react with fire
Hot material or gasses
Overheated diesel engine
Transport
Lightening
 IGNITION SOURCE
Radio frequency
Smoking
Open fire or sabotage
Self ignition
Combustion ignition
IGNITION SOURCE
Self-ignition
◦ Caused by reaction of slowly oxidize heat
◦ In process material, store or transportation
◦ Example: coil
 ELECTROSTATIC
Generate when two surfaces are in friction and then separate
simultaneously and caused the each surface had a different electrical
charge.
Low ampere, high voltage
 ELECTROSTATIC
Electrostatic hazard are in:
◦ Human body
◦ Spray tools/activities
◦ Transfer machine
Fire classification
Code BS EN2 : 1992

Class Fire type

A Solid (stay in solid state after fire)
B Liquid or solid that transform to
liquid
C Gasses
D Iron
Fire classification
Code NFPA 10: 1984

Class Fire type

A Wood, paper, rubber, plastic

B Inflammable liquid, oil, grease,

tar, paint and gas

C Electrical appliances (have power

connected)
D Iron
 Fire classification
Need of fire extinguisher
Fire type No. of tools
Too big > 20 jet
Big 8-19 jet
Medium 3-7 jet
Small 1-2 jet/3 hose reel
Too small 1-2 hose reel/
fire extinguisher
 Fire hazard prevention
Fire prevention
◦ Preventing fire from outside atmosphere
◦ Dismissal of heat
◦ Control of heat source
Fire hazard prevention
Fire security (after fire incident)
◦ Dismissal of heat
◦ Close/stop the sources of inflammable material
◦ Close/stop the sources of oxygen
 Safety plan
Hazard identification by:
◦ HAZOP
◦ List of hazard
◦ Dow Index – fire and explode index
◦ Chemical expose index
 Fire hazard prevention
Safety plan
◦ Chose safe technology
◦ Realize the safe preventing system for begin and end of fire
◦ Realize Safety Secure System
◦ Realize Emergency Action Plan
◦ Realize First Aid
Fire hazard prevention
Fire fighting by:
◦ Cooling
◦ Eliminate inflammable object by cooling, water spray and
emulsion
◦ Reduce the source of oxygen with foam
Fire hazard prevention
Fire fighting agent

Class Type of material Example Fighting agent

A Normal Wood, paper, Water, dry
flammable plastic chemical
material
B Inflammable Oil, grease and CO2, dry
liquid or gas LPG chemical
C Electrical Electric motor CO2, dry
appliance chemical,
halon
D Inflammable iron Magnesium, Dry chemical
sodium,
potassium
INM 0012 - SAFETY MANAGEMENT 108
Conclusion
1. Basic fire
2. Fire classification
3. Fire hazard prevention
◦ Safety plan
◦ Fire prevention method
◦ Fire security method
◦ Fire prevention and secure tools

4. Legal requirements
 THE END

THANK YOU

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