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PCM

PULSE CODE MODULATION

By
K.Srinivas
JTO,RTTC,HD
WHY DIGITAL?
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques

 1) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

 2) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)


FDM Principle
Time Division Multiplexing
Basic Requirements for PCM System

To develope a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the


following processing steps are required

 Filtering

 Sampling

 Quantisation

 Encoding
FILTERING

To limit the speech signal to the frequency band 300-3400 Hz.


SAMPLING

Sampling Theorem States

"If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and


at a rate equal to or more than twice the highest signal frequency in
the band, then the sample contains all the information of the
original signal." Mathematically, if fm is the highest frequency in
the signal to be sampled then the sampling frequency Fs needs to
be greater than 2 fm.
Fs >2fm
Let us say our voice signals are band limited to 4 KHz and let
sampling frequency be 8 KHz.

Time period of sampling Ts = 1 sec


8000
or

Ts = 125 micro seconds


Quantization and Encoding
CONCEPT OF FRAME

One full set of samples for all channel taken within the duration Ts is
called a "frame".

Thus the set of all first samples of all channels is one frame;

The set of all second samples is another frame and so on.


 For a 30 chl PCM system, we have 32 time slots.

 Thus the time available per channel would be 3.9 microsecs.

 Thus for a 30 chl PCM system,

 Frame = 125 microseconds

 Time slot per chl = 3.9 microseconds.


FAW and ALARM Information

Frame Remark

Numbers B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8

FO X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAW

F1 X 1 Y Y Y 1 1 1 ALARM

F2 X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAW

F3 etc X 1 Y Y Y 1 1 1 ALARM
Multi-frame Structure

In the time slot 16 of FO, the first four bits (positions 1 to 4) contain the multi-
frame alignment signal which enables the receiver to identify a multi-frame.

Ts 16 of frames F1 is used for carrying the signaling information. 1 &16.

Similarly, time slot Ts16 of F2 carries signaling data of chls 2 and 17.

The duration of multi frame is 2 msec

As each multi-frame includes 16 frames, so the signaling of each channel will
occur at a rate of 500 per sec.

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