Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

UNIT II
PHASE CONTROLLED
CONVERTERS
Phase-Control Converters
Single-Phase Three-Phase
Semiconverter Semiconverter
Full converter Full converter
Dual converter Dual converter

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Semiconverter
..is a one-quadrant converter and it has one polarity
Full converter
..is a two-quadrant converter and the polarity of its
output can be either positive or negative.
However
the output current of full converter has
one polarity only
Dual converter
..can operate in four quadrants ; both the output
voltage and current can be either positive or negative
Average Output Voltage

1
  Vm
 
2 
Vdc  V sin td t  1  cos 
2
m
Maximum Vm
Vdm 
Output Voltage 
 0.51  cos  
Normalizing Vdc
Vn 
Output Voltage Vdm
RMS Output Voltage

Vm 1  sin 2 
Vm sin td t  
1
      
2 2
Vrms
2  2 
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If the converter has a purely resistive load of R and
the delay angle is ,    / 2 determine
(a) the rectification efficiency
(b) the form factor FF
(c) the ripple factor RF
and (d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T1

 
1 Vm
Vdc  
2  2
1  cos 
 2
2
Vdc  0.1592Vm
 
 2 
Vm 1 
Vrms      sin 2   0.3536V

m
2 2 2 
 
 

V 2
dc

0.1592Vm 
2
 20.27%
V 2
rms 0.3536Vm 2
Vrms 0.3536Vm
FF    2.221
Vdc 0.1592Vm
RF  FF 1  2.221 1  1.983
2 2
PIV  Vm
Semiconverterwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
Single-Phase Semiconverter

Vm sin td t   1  cos  
2 Vm
Vdc  
2  

Vm sin td t 
2
 
2 2
Vrms
2 
Single-Phase Semiconverter (RL-load)
Mode 1 diL1
L  Ri L1  E  0
0  t   dt
R
R
   
I L1  iL1 t     I L 0 e
E
 1  e L
L

R 
Mode 2
  t   1 L
Z  R  L   tan
2 2
di
R
L L2
 Ri L 2  E  2VS sin t
dt
  R 
sin t       I L1   sin     e L  t
2VS E E 2VS
I L2 
Z R  R Z 
Single-Phase Semiconverter (RL-load)
RMS Current  2
 i d t 
1
IR 
for Thyristor 2
L2

 i d t 
RMS Current 1
IA 
2
L2
for Thyristor
RMS Output  2  2
iL1d t    i d t 
1 1
Current
I rms 
2 0 2
L2
1  
i1d t    i d t 
AVG Output 1
Current
I dc 
 0 
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2
The single-phase semiconverter has an RL load of
L = 6.5mH, R = 2.5 Ohm, and E = 10 V. The input
voltage is VS = 120 V(rms) at 60 Hz. Determine
(a) the load current IL0 at t  0 , and the load
current IL1 at t    60 ,
(b) the average thyristor current IA
(c) the rms thyristor current IR
(d) the rms output current Irms
and (e) the average output current Idc
Rectification
Mode
Inversion
Mode
Single-Phase
Full Converter www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Single-Phase Full Converter
 
2 2Vm
Vdc 
2  
cos 
 
V sin td t  
2 Vm
 
2 2
Vrms
2
m
2
Single-Phase Full Converter (RL-load)
L
  tan 1
Z  R  L
2
Mode 1 = Mode 2 2
R
  R 
sin t       I L 0   sin     e L  t
2VS E E 2VS
IL 
Z R  R Z 
Single-Phase Full Converter (RL-load)
RMS Current   2
iL d t 
1
for Thyristor
IR 
2 
 
iL d t 
RMS Current 1
for Thyristor
IA 
2 
RMS Output
I rms  I R2  I R2  2 I R
Current
AVG Output
I dc  I A  I A  2I A
Current www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Dual
Converter
Single-Phase Dual Converter
2Vm
Vdc1  cos 1

2Vm
Vdc2  cos  2

Vdc1  Vdc2
High-Power Variable-Speed Drives

Three-Phase
Semiconverter
3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.
• They provide higher dc output voltage.
• Higher dc output power.
• Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
• Filtering requirements are simplified for
smoothing out load voltage and load
current.
• Extensively used in high power variable
speed industrial dc drives.
• Three single phase half-wave converters
can be connected together to form a three
phase half-wave converter.
3-Phase
Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with
RL Load
Continuous & Constant
Load Current Operation
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages
VCN
0
120
0 VAN RN v  v AN
120
120
0 vYN  vBN
vBN  vCN
VBN
3 Phase Supply Voltage
Equations
We deifine three line to neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
vRN  van  Vm sin  t ;
Vm  Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t  
 3 
 Vm sin  t  1200 
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t  
 3 
 Vm sin  t  1200 
 Vm sin  t  2400 
van vbn vcn van
Each thyristor conducts for 2/3 (1200)
Constant Load
Current
io=Ia
Ia
Ia
To Derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
with RL Load
for Continuous Load Current
 
T1 is triggered at  t        300   
6 
 5 
T2 is triggered at  t       1500   
 6 
 7 
0
 6 
0 2
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians
3
5
  
3Vm  6

Vdc    sin  t.d  t  
2 
 6  
5
  
3Vm  6

Vdc     cos  t  
2 
 6
 

3Vm   5   
Vdc    cos      cos     
2   6  6 
Note from the trigonometric relationship
cos  A  B    cos A.cos B  sin A.sin B 
  5   5  
  cos  6  cos    sin  6  sin   
3Vm      
Vdc 
2      
  cos   .cos    sin   sin   
 6 6 
3Vm   cos 1500  cos    sin 1500  sin   
Vdc   
2 
  cos  30 0
 .cos    sin  30 0
 sin   

3Vm 

 cos 180 0
 30 0
 cos    sin 180 0
 30 0
 sin   

Vdc 
2 
  cos  30 0
 .cos    sin  30 0
 sin   

Note: cos 1800  300    cos  300 
sin 1800  300   sin  300 
3Vm 

 cos  30 0
 cos    sin  30 0
 sin   

Vdc 
2 
  cos  30 0
 .cos    sin  30 0
 s in   

 2 cos  300  cos   
3Vm
Vdc 
2  
3Vm  3 
Vdc  2  cos   
2  2 
3Vm 3 3Vm
Vdc   3 cos     cos  
2   2
3VLm
Vdc  cos  
2
Where VLm  3Vm  Max. line to line supply voltage
The maximum average or dc output voltage is
obtained at a delay angle   0 and is given by
3 3 Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 
2
Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vdcn  Vn   cos 
Vdm
The rms value of output voltage is found by
using the equation
1
5
   2
 3 
6
VO RMS    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2 2
2 
 6
 

and we obtain
1
1 3  2
VO RMS   3Vm   cos 2 
 6 8 
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load
at
Different Trigger Angles
 Van Vbn Vcn
=300
V0
=30
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 Van Vbn Vcn

V0 =60
0
=600
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 Vbn Vcn
Van
 =900
V0
=90
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
R Load
and
RL Load with FWD
T1 T1
a a
T2 T2
b b +
T3 T3
c c
R R V0
V0
L
n n 
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For R Load
or RL Load with FWD
at
Different Trigger Angles
Van Vbn Vcn
=0
Vs
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=0
t
0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 Van Vbn Vcn
=150 =150
V0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 Van Vbn Vcn
=300
0
=300
V0
0
30 60
0
90
0 0 0 0
120 150 180 210
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
240 270 300 330 360 390 420
0 t
 Van Vbn Vcn
=600
V0
=600
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
To Derive An
Expression For The Average Or
Dc Output Voltage Of A
3 Phase Half Wave Converter
With Resistive Load
Or
RL Load With FWD
 
0
6 
T1 conducts from  300    to 1800 ;
vO  van  Vm sin  t
 5 
T2 is triggered at  t       150   
0
 6 
T2 conducts from 150    to 300 ;
0 0
vO  vbn  Vm sin  t  120 0


 7 
0
 6 
T3 conducts from  270    to 420 ;
0 0
vO  vcn  Vm sin  t  240 0


 Vm sin  t  120 
0
3 1800 
Vdc    vO .d  t  
2  300 
vO  van  Vm sin  t ; for  t    300  to 1800 
3 1800 
Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2  300 
3Vm  1800 
Vdc    sin  t.d  t  
2  300 
3Vm  1800 
Vdc    cos  t 
2    300 

Vdc 
3Vm
2

  cos180 0
 cos   30 0
 

cos180  1, we get
0
Vdc 
3Vm
2 
1  cos   30 0
 

Three Phase Semiconverters
• 3 Phase semiconverters are used in

Industrial dc drive applications upto 120kW
power output.
• Single quadrant operation is possible.
• Power factor decreases as the delay angle
increases.
• Power factor is better than that of 3 phase
half wave converter.
3 Phase
Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi Converter)
with Highly Inductive Load &
Continuous Ripple free Load
Current
Wave forms of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for
 > 600
3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of
output voltage is 3 f S
The delay angle  can be varied from 0 to 

During the period
300   t  2100
 7
 t  , thyristor T1 is forward biased
6 6
 
If thyristor T1 is triggered at  t      ,
6 
T1 & D1 conduct together and the line to line voltage
vac appears across the load.
7
At  t  , vac becomes negative & FWD Dm conducts.
6
The load current continues to flow through FWD Dm ;
T1 and D1 are turned off.
If FWD Dm is not used the T1 would continue to
conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at
 5 
 t      , and Free wheeling action would
 6 
be accomplished through T1 & D2 .

If the delay angle   , each thyristor conducts
3
2
for and the FWD Dm does not conduct.
3
We deifine three line neutral voltages
vRN  van  Vm sin  t ; Vm  Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t 


 m
3 
V sin   t  120 0

 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t 


 m
3 
V sin   t  120 0

 Vm sin  t  240 0

Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source.
 
vRB  vac   van  vcn   3Vm sin   t  
 6
 5 
vYR  vba   vbn  van   3Vm sin   t  
 6 
 
vBY  vcb   vcn  vbn   3Vm sin   t  
 2
 
vRY  vab   van  vbn   3Vm sin   t  
 6
Wave forms of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for
  600
To derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage
of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for  >  / 3
and Discontinuous Output Voltage

For   and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
7

3  6 
Vdc   v .d   t  
2  
ac
 6 
7
  

6
3 
Vdc   3 V sin   t   d   t  
2  
m
 6
 6 
3 3Vm
Vdc  1  cos  
2
3VmL
Vdc  1  cos  
2
VmL  3Vm  Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of   0 is
3 3Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

The normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vn   0.5 1  cos  
Vdm
The rms output voltage is found from
1
7
 3 6  2
VO rms    v 2
.d   t  
 2 
ac

 6  
Three Phase Dual Converters
• For four quadrant operation in many industrial

variable speed dc drives , 3 phase dual
converters are used.
• Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output
power level.
• Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full
converters which are connected in parallel & in
opposite directions across a common load.
Outputs of Converters 1 & 2
• During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1),

the line to line voltage vab appears across
the output of converter 1 and vbc appears
across the output of converter 2
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  1200 
 3 
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  120 
0
 3 
 Vm sin  t  240 0

 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  1200 
 3 
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  1200 
 3 
 Vm sin  t  2400 
To obtain an Expression for the Circulating
Current
If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of

converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
instantaneous voltage across the current
limiting inductor during the interval
(/6 + 1)  t  (/2 + 1) is given by
vr  vO1  vO 2  vab  vbc
     
vr  3Vm sin   t    sin   t   
  6  2 
 
vr  3Vm cos   t  
 6
The circulating current can be calculated by
using the equation
t
1
ir  t    vr .d  t 
 Lr 
1
6
t
1  
ir  t    3Vm cos   t   .d  t 
 Lr   6
1
6
3Vm    
ir  t   sin   t  6   sin 1 
 Lr    
3Vm
ir  max  
 Lr
Four Quadrant Operation
• There are two different modes of
operation.
 Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
 Circulating current mode of operation
Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
• In this mode of operation only one converter is
switched on at a time
• When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the
average load power Pdc is positive.
• Power flows from ac source to the load
• When the converter 1 is on,
For 1 > 900 the converter 1
operates in the Inversion mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the
average load power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load circuit to ac
source.
For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in
the Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the
average load power Pdc is positive.
• The output load voltage & load current
reverse when converter 2 is on.
• Power flows from ac source to the load
For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Inversion mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the average
load power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load to the ac source.
• Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the ac
supply.
Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
• Both the converters are switched on at the same
time.
• One converter operates in the rectification mode
while the other operates in the inversion mode.
• Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such that
(1 + 2) = 1800
When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates
as a controlled rectifier. 2 is made
greater than 900 and converter 2
operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and
Pdc is positive.
• When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates
as a controlled rectifier. 1 is made
greater than 900 and converter 1
operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is negative & Idc is negative and
Pdc is positive.

Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

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Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

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UNIT II

Full converter Full converter

Dual converter Dual converter

and (d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T1

High-Power Variable-Speed Drives

 Van Vbn Vcn

 Van Vbn Vcn

 Van Vbn Vcn

vO  vbn  Vm sin  t  120 0

vO  vcn  Vm sin  t  240 0

• 3 Phase semiconverters are used in

The delay angle  can be varied from 0 to 

• For four quadrant operation in many industrial

• During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1),

If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of

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