Differentiation (chapter 7, page: 500)

A function is a technical term to symbolize

relationship between variables.
y  f (x)
y is a function of x

Differentiation: The process of finding out

derivative.
Derivative: The rate of change in any function
(dependent variable) due to a small change in the
independent variable.
If y  f (x) , then the rate of change of y with
respect to a change in x is called the
derivative of the function y w. r. t. x.
Notation is:

f ( x)
d
( y)
dx
dy
dx
 Rule # 1

If y  f ( x)  c (c is a cons tan t )
( horizontal straight line)

dy
then, f ( x)   0
dx
 Rule # 2

If y  f ( x)  x n

dy
then, f ( x)   nx n 1

dx
f ( x)  x
f ( x)  x
dy
 f ( x)   1. x  x  1
11 0

dx
f ( x)  x 5
f ( x)  x 5

dy
 f ( x)   5 x  5x
5 1 4

dx
f ( x)  x 2/3

8
f ( x)  x
f ( x)  x 2/3

dy 2 23 1 2 31
 f ( x)  3x 3x
dx

8
f ( x)  x
 f ( x)  8 x 81
 8 x 9
 Rule # 3

If y  c f ( x)
dy
then,  c f ( x)
dx
f ( x)  5 x 2

f ( x)  4 x 5
f ( x)  5 x 2

then f ( x)  5  2 x 2 1
 10 x

f ( x)  4 x 5

then f ( x)  4  5 x 5 1
 Rule # 4

If y  f ( x)  g ( x)   ( x)
then
dy
 f ( x)  g ( x)   ( x)
dx
Find the derivative with respect to x:

y = x4+3x2+2x+7

y = 3x2+ax+b

y = 7x4 - 3x3 + 4x2 -10x + 3

y = 5x7+ 3x6+ 2x5 + 6x4 + 7x3+ 8x2+2x+7

y  4x  7x
3 4
 y  4x  7x
3 4

then
dy
 4  3x  7  4 x
2 3

dx
Find the derivative of :
8 10
9 x  7 x  8x   3
4 3 2

x x
 8 10
Let , y  9 x  7 x  8 x   3
4 3 2

x x
dy 11 31
  9  4 x  7  3x  8  2 x  8  (1) x  10  (3) x
3 2

dx
dy
  36 x 3  21x 2  16 x  8 x 2  30 x 4
dx
dy 8 30
  36 x  21x  16 x  2  4
3 2

dx x x
 (1  x ) 2
y 2
x
We may simplify y as :
(1  x ) 2
1 2x  x 2
y 2
 2
x x
1 2
 2  1
x x
dy  2 1 11
  ( 2) x  2( 1) x 0
dx
dy 3 2 2 2
  2 x  2 x  3  2
dx x x
 Rule # 5

Derivative of the product

of two functions :
If y  f ( x)  ( x) then,
dy
  ( x ) f ( x)  f ( x)  ( x)
dx
If the function be denoted
by u and v, i.e. y  uv
dy du dv
then v u
dx dx dx
If y  (3x  1)( x  2 x)
2 3

dy
Find
dx
dy
 (3x  1)(3x  2)  ( x  2 x)(6 x)
2 2 3

dx
 9 x  6 x  3x  2  6 x  12 x
4 2 2 4 2

 15 x  21x  2
4 2
 Rule # 6

Derivative of the quotient of two functions

f ( x)
If y  then
g ( x)
dy g ( x) f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 2
dx {g ( x)}
If the function be denoted
u
by u and v, i.e. y 
v
du dv
v u
dy dx dx
then  2
, v  0
dx v
 x 1
2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
x 1
2
 x 1
2
Let y  2
x 1
dy ( x  1)( 2 x)  ( x  1)2 x
2 2
 
dx ( x  1)
2 2

4x
 2
( x  1) 2
Differentiate
( x  1)( 2 x  1) w. r. t. x.
x3
 ( x  1)( 2 x  1) 2 x  x  1
2
Let y  
x 3 x3
dy ( x  3)( 4 x  1)  (2 x  x  1).1
2
 
dx ( x  3) 2

4 x  x  12 x  3  2 x  x  1
2 2

( x  3) 2

2( x  6 x  1)
2

( x  3) 2
Find the Differential
Co  efficient
1/ 2
x 2
of 1/ 2
x
 1
x 2 2
 12
Let y 1  1  2x
x 2

dy  12 1
  0  2(1 / 2) x
dx
3
 x 2
 Rule # 7

Derivative of Function of a Function

dy dy du

dx du dx
Differentiate (3x  7)
2
w. r. t. x
 1
Let y  (3 x  7)  (3 x  7)
2 2 2

1
put u  3 x  7, then y  u
2 2

du dy 1  12 1  12
  6 x, and  2 u  2 (3 x  7)
2

dx du
dy du dy 1  12
  .  2 (3 x  7) .6 x
2

dx dx du
3x

(3 x  7
2
Differentiate
y  (3x  5 x  8)
3 2 3
w. r. t. x
 Rule # 8

Derivative of a Logarithmic Function

If y  log e x, then
dy 1

dx x
 Rule # 9

Derivative of a Exponential Function

If y  e , then x

dy
e x

dx
 Differentiation of Implicit Function

Differentiate w. r. t. x: x3 + y3 = 3axy

dy
Find if x2 – y2 + 3x = 5y
dx

Differentiate w. r. t. x:
x3 – xy2 + 3y2 + 2 = 0
Successive Differentiation