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I. Functional Groups
A. Hydrocarbons: organic molecules containing only C and H
1) Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons
a) Saturated = all single bonds
b) Unsaturated = one or more double or triple bonds
2) Alkenes: hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds
3) Alkynes: hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds
4) Aromatics: hydrocarbons containing
II. Alkanes
A. Structure
1) Straight-chain (normal) Alkanes
n-hexane
2) Branched Alkanes
3) Cycloalkanes
2) Branched Alkanes
a) Primary(1o) Secondary(2o) Tertiary(3o) Quaternary(4o)
Tell how many other carbon atoms are connected to the subject carbon
1o 3o
4o
2o
1
5-Ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane 4-ethyl-3,6-dimethyldecane
1’ 1
1
5-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-3-ethyloctane 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)-2,3-dimethylnonane
C. Properties of Alkanes
1) Structure
a) Very regular because bonds (C-C, C-H) are all sp3
b) Each C is tetrahedral H H H
c) n-pentane H H
H
HH H H H
2) Physical Properties
a) Very predictable along homologous series
b) Forces between Alkane Molecules
i. Ionic Solids: Ionic Forces (Coulombic) Na+Cl-
ii. Polar Solids: Dipole-Dipole Forces CH3Cl
iii. Nonpolar Solids: London Forces = weak attractive force due
to electron cloud correlation
e) Branched Alkanes have lower m.p., b.p than linear alkanes: less
surface area means less London Forces
D. Conformations of Alkanes
1) C-C Bonds can freely rotate (~3 kcal/mol energy barrier due to e- repul.)
2) Newman Projections
3) Potential Energy Diagrams for Rotation of Alkane Conformations
a) Torsional Angle = degrees of rotation in a conformational change
b) Transition State = energy maxima; transition from one lower energy
state to another
c) Activation Energy = energy barrier to be overcome in changing
conformations
4) Conformational Analysis of Substituted Ethanes