Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
I. Naming Haloalkanes
A. Treat Halogen as a substituent to an alkane: chlorine = chloro-
B. Name as in alkane nomenclature
F I
Br
Cl
2-bromo-2-methylpropane cis-1-chloro-2-fluoro 4-(1-iodoethyl)heptane
cyclohexane
2) Molecule or Ion having (+) or (d+) region seeks extra electron density
a) Electrophile = electron (-) loving
b) Can be a Lewis Acid, but not necessarily
c) Just needs d+, so any polar bond should have one electrophilic area
d) An atom with a full octet can still be an electrophile
+ -
d d
R X
B. Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction
1) - -
Nu + R X Nu R + X
+
Nu + R X Nu R + X-
- -
HO + CH3 Cl CH3 OH + Cl
CN- + + I-
I CN
+ -
NH3 + Br NH3 Br
b) Dissociation
+ -
CH3 I CH3 + I
c) Nucleophilic Addition
O O-
OH
-
+ HO R
R R
R
d) Electrophilic Addition
H
+ +
C C + H
C C
D. Kinetics tells us about mechanisms of Nucleophilic substitution
1) Nucleophilic substitution is 2nd order process: rate = k[OH-][CH3Cl]
OH
-
+ CH3 Cl CH3 OH + Cl-