REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

IN HUMAN

A.ZULFA JUNIARTO

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 Reproductive System
 Reproduction is the process by which new
individuals of a species are produced and the
genetic material is passed from generation to
generation.
 Functions Male
 Production of sperm in the testes.
 Sustaining and transfer of the sperm cells to the
female.
 Production of male sex hormones
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 Reproductive System
Functions Female
• Production of ova (eggs) in the ovaries.
• Reception of sperm from the male.
• Nurturing the development of and providing
nourishment for the growing fetus.
• Production of female sex hormones

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 Male Reproductive System

 The male organs of reproduction include the

testes (gonads), epididymis, ductus (vas)
deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra (store &
transport gametes), seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands, and
penis (produce materials that support
gametes and supporting structures).

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 • The scrotum is a sac that houses, supports,
and protects the testes. It consists of skin,
superficial fascia and a thin layer of muscle.

• It regulates the temperature of the testes by

contraction of the cremaster muscle and
dartos fascia, which elevates them and
brings them closer to the pelvic cavity or
relaxes causing the testes to move farther
from the pelvic cavity.
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 Male Reproductive System

 The testes are oval-shaped glands (gonads) in

the scrotum containing seminiferous tubules,
in which spermatozoa are produced, Sertoli
cells, which provide nourishment for the
developing sperm, and interstitial Leydig
cells, which produce testosterone.

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• The testes descend into the scrotum through
the inguinal canals during the seventh
month of fetal development. Failure of the
testes to descend is called cryptorchidism.

• Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous

tubules and results in the formation of four
haploid sperm (spermatozoa) from each
primary spermatocyte.

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 Male Reproductive System
 Secondary oocytes and sperm are collectively
called gametes and are produced in gonads.

 Somatic (Body) cells divide by mitosis, the

process in which each daughter cell is
identical and receives the full complement of
23 chromosome pairs (46 chromosomes).
Somatic cells are said to be diploid (2n).

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• Germ cells divide by meiosis to produce
nonidentical gametes, in which the pairs of
chromosomes are split so that the gamete
has only 23 chromosomes. Gametes are said
to be haploid.

• Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and

results in the formation of four haploid
sperm (spermatozoa) from each primary
spermatocyte.
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 Male Reproductive System
 Spermatogenesis is a process in which immature
spermato-gonia develop into mature sperm. The
spermatogenesis sequence includes reduction
division (meiosis I), equatorial division (meiosis II),
and spermiogenesis.

 Testosterone controls the growth, development, and

maintenance of sex organs; stimulates bone growth,
protein synthesis, and sperm maturation; stimulates
development of masculine secondary sex
characteristics.
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 • At puberty, gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH) stimulates anterior
pituitary gland secretion of FSH and LH.
LH stimulates production of testosterone.

• FSH and testosterone stimulate

spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells secrete
androgen-binding protein (ABP), which
binds to testosterone and keeps its
concentration high in the seminiferous
tubule.
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 Male Reproductive System
 The duct system of the testes includes the
seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, and rete
testis.
 Sperm flow out of the testes through the
efferent ducts.
 The ductus epididymis is the site of sperm
maturation and storage.
 The vas deferens stores sperm and propels
them toward the urethra during ejaculation.
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 • Cutting and “tying-off” (Cauterization) of
the vas deferens to achieve sterility by
blocking entry of sperm into semen is
called vasectomy.

• Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the

union of the duct from the seminal vesicle
and the vas deferens. It is the passageway
for ejection of sperm and secretions of the
seminal vesicles into the first portion of
the urethra, the prostatic urethra.
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 Male Reproductive System
 The male urethra is subdivided into three
regionally specific portions: prostatic,
membranous, and spongy (penile).
 The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline, viscous
fluid that constitutes about 60% of the volume
of semen and contributes to sperm viability.
 The prostate gland secretes a slightly acidic
fluid that constitutes about 25% of the volume
of semen and contributes to sperm motility.

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 • The bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
secrete mucus for lubrication and an
alkaline substance.

• Semen is a mixture of sperm and

accessory gland secretions that provides
the fluid in which sperm are transported,
provides nutrients, and neutralizes the
acidity of the male urethra and female
vagina.

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 Male Reproductive System
 The penis is composed of erectile tissue
consisting of a root, body (shaft), and glans
penis.
 The two corpora cavernosa form the dorsum
and the sides of the penis, while the corpus
spongiosum forms the ventral portion and the
glans penis, and it encloses the spongy urethra.
 Expansion of the blood sinuses under the
influence of sexual excitation is called erection.

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 Male Reproductive Physiology

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 Male Reproductive Physiology
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion

 GnRH is produced in the hypothalamus and is

released in surges.
 GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH from the
anterior pituitary.
 LH stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig to
produce testosterone.
 FSH binds to Sertoli cells and stimulates
spermatogenesis.
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Puberty
• Before puberty small amounts of testosterone
inhibit GnRH release.
• During puberty testosterone does not
completely suppress GnRH release, resulting
in increased production of FSH, LH, and
testosterone.

Effects of Testosterone
• Testosterone causes enlargement of the genitals
and its necessary for spermatogenesis.
• Testosterone is responsible for the development
of secondary sex characteristics.
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 TENGKYU

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 Female Reproductive System

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 Female Reproductive System

 The female organs of reproduction include the

ovaries (gonads), uterine (Fallopian) tubes or
oviducts, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
 The mammary glands are considered part of
the reproductive system.
 The ovaries are located in the superior portion
of the pelvic cavity, lateral to the uterus.

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• They function to produce secondary
oocytes, discharge secondary oocytes
(ovulation), and secrete estrogens,
progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
• Oogenesis (production of haploid
secondary oocytes) begins in the ovaries.
• The oogenesis sequence includes
reduction division (meiosis I) and equatorial
division (meiosis II), which goes to
completion only after an ovulated secondary
oocyte is fertilized by a sperm cell.
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 Female Reproductive System
 The uterine tubes transport secondary oocytes
from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal
sites of fertilization.
 Ciliated cells and peristaltic contractions help
move a secondary oocyte or fertilized ovum
towards the uterus.
 The uterus is an organ the size and shape of an
inverted pear that functions in implantation of a
fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during
pregnancy, and labor.
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 It also is part of the pathway for sperm to
reach the uterine tubes to fertilize a
secondary oocyte.

• The uterus is normally held in position by a

series of ligaments formed from double
layers of peritoneum.

• Histologically, the uterus consists of an

outer perimetrium (serosa), middle
myometrium, and inner endometrium.
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 Female Reproductive System
 The vagina is a passageway for sperm and the
menstrual flow, and the inferior portion of the
birth canal. It is capable of considerable
distension.
 The vulva is a collective term for the external
genitals of the female. It consists of the mons
pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris,
vestibule, vaginal and urethral orifices, bulb
of the vestibule, and the vestibular glands.
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 • The perineum is a diamond shaped area
at the inferior end of the trunk medial to
the thighs and buttocks. It can be
subdivided into a urogenital triangle and
an anal triangle.

• An incision in the female perineum that

is generally performed before delivery is
called an episiotomy.

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 Female Reproductive System
 The mammary glands are modified sweat
glands located in the dermal adipose layer,
lying superficial to the pectoralis major
muscles. Their function is to synthesize,
secrete, and eject milk (Lactation).
 Mammary gland development depends on
estrogens, and progesterone.

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 • Milk production is stimulated by prolactin,
estrogen, and progesterone. Milk ejection
is stimulated by oxytocin.

• In females breast cancer is rarely seen

before the age of 30, its occurrence rises
rapidly after menopause, and it has a high
fatality rate. Early detection - by breast
self-examination and mammography - is
the best way to increase the chances of
survival.
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 Female Reproductive System
 The function of the ovarian cycle is to develop
a secondary oocyte.
 The function of the uterine (menstrual) cycle
is to prepare the endometrium each month to
receive a fertilized egg.
 The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled
by GnRH from the hypothalamus, which
stimulates the release of FSH and LH by the
posterior pituitary gland.
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 FSH stimulates development of
secondary follicles and initiates
secretion of estrogens by the follicles.
LH stimulates further development of
the follicles, secretion of estrogens by
follicular cells, ovulation, formation of the
corpus luteum, and the secretion of
progesterone and estrogens by the corpus
luteum.
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 Female Reproductive System
 Estrogens stimulate the growth, development,
and maintenance of female reproductive
structures; stimulates the development of
secondary sex characteristics; regulate fluid
and electrolyte balance; and stimulate protein
synthesis.

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 • Progesterone works with estrogens to
prepare the endometrium for
implantation and the mammary
glands for milk synthesis.

• Relaxin relaxes the pubic symphysis

and helps dilate the uterine cervix to
facilitate delivery.

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 Female Reproductive System
 The menstrual or uterine cycle consists of a
menstrual phase (days 1-5), preovulatory
phase (days 6-13), ovulation (day 14), and the
postovulatory phase (day 15-28).
 During the menstrual phase, the stratum
functionalis of the endometrium is shed,
discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and
epithelial cells.

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  During the preovulatory phase, a group
of follicles in the ovaries begin to undergo
final maturation. One follicle outgrows
the others and becomes dominant while
the others degenerate. At the same time
endometrial repair occurs in the uterus.

 Estrogens are the dominant ovarian

hormones during the preovulatory phase.

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 Female Reproductive System
 Ovulation is the rupture of the dominant
mature (Graafian) follicle and the release of a
secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity. It is
brought about by a surge of LH.
 Signs of ovulation include increased basal
body temperature; clear, stretchy cervical
mucus; changes in the uterine cervix; and
ovarian pain.

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• During the postovulatory phase, both
progesterone and estrogens are secreted
in large quantity by the corpus luteum of
the ovary and the uterine endometrium
thickens in readiness for implantation.

• If fertilization and implantation do not

occur, the corpus luteum degenerates,
and the resulting low levels of estrogens
and progesterone allow discharge of the
endometrium followed by initiation of
another
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uterine and ovarian cycle. 46
 Female Reproductive System

 If fertilization and implantation do occur, the

corpus luteum is maintained by placental
hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin),
 and the corpus luteum and later the placenta
secrete progesterone and estrogens to support
pregnancy and breast development for
lactation.

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 • hCG is a hormone produced by the
chorion of the embryo as early as 8-12
days after fertilization. The chorion
eventually develops into part of the
placenta and the presence of hCG in
maternal blood of urine is an indication of
pregnancy.

• With reference to the ovaries this phase

of the cycle is also called the luteal phase.

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 Human Sexual Response
 The similar sequence of changes experienced
by both males and females before, during,
and after intercourse is termed the human
sexual response.
 Masters and Johnson described it as

occurring in 4 stages: Excitement (arousal),

plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
 During excitement and plateau,

parasympathetic nerve impulses produce

genital vasocongestion, engorgement of tissues
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with blood, and secretion of lubricating fluids.
 • Heart-rate, blood pressure, breathing
rate, and muscle tone increase.

• During orgasm, sympathetic motor nerve

impulses cause rhythmical contractions
of smooth and skeletal muscles.

• During resolution, there is relaxation and

return of the body to the unaroused
state.
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 Birth Control Methods
 Methods include sterilization (vasectomy or
tubal ligation), hormonal, intrauterine devices,
barriers (condom, diaphragm, cervical cap),
chemicals (spermacides), physiological (rhythm,
sympto-thermal method), coitus interruptus, and
induced abortion.
 Contraceptive pills of the combination type
contain estrogens and progestins in
concentrations that decrease the secretion of
FSH and LH and thereby inhibit development of
ovarian follicles and ovulation.
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