Structural Steel Connections

Structural Steel
Connections
American Institute of Steel Construction Inc.
Connections
CE414 Construction Materials
Loads > Design Strength or Serviceability Requirements
LIMIT STATE
The condition where the structure or member is functionally
inadequate.
Structural elements tend to have several limit states, some

based on strength and others based on serviceability.
Connections
Basic Components of Connections:
• Fastening system
• Attached plies of the material
Connection strength limit states of both the fasteners and the plies
of material result from tension, shear, or flexural factors.
Failure Path
The line along which the material yields or ruptures.
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BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE
Is so named because the associated failure path tears out a “block” of material.
A limit state in which the failure path includes an area subject to shear and an area
subject to tension.
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BOLT BEARING
Concerned with the deformation of material at the loaded edge of the bolt holes.
Bearing capacity of the connection is influenced by the proximity of the bolt to the
loaded edge.
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BOLT SHEAR
Applicable to each bolted ply of a connection that is subjected to shear. The shear
strength of a bolt is directly proportional to the number of interfaces between the plies
within the grip of the bolt that a single shear force is transmitted through.
Familiar with single shear and double shear?
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BOLT TENSION FRACTURE
If bolts are subject to loading along their length then the bolt is loaded in tension.
Bolts that fail in tension will do so within the threaded portion of the bolt, through one
of the roots of the threads. This coincides with the least cross-sectional area.
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FLEXURAL YIELDING
When a beam is coped, the reduced section modulus of the remaining beam cross
section may significantly reduce the flexural strength of the member.
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PRYING ACTION
Phenomenon in which additional tension forces are induced in the bolts due to
deformation of the connection near the bolt.
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SHEAR YIELDING AND SHEAR RUPTURE
Shear Yielding
Ductile limit state; function of the gross shear area of the element.
Shear Rupture
An ultimate limit state; function of the net shear area of the element.
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Joining Steel Members
• BOLTING
• WELDING
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Bolting
• Requires either punching or drilling of holes in all the plies of material
that are to be joined.
• Allows for easier and faster erection of the structural framing.
Structural bolting is the logical engineering evolution of

riveting.
Specification for Structural Joints using ASTM A325 or A490

Bolts published by the Research Council on Structural
Connections (RCSC, 2000) has been incorporated into the
AISC LRFD for Structural Steel Buildings.
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Two most common grades of bolts available for steel connections are designated
ASTM A325 and ASTM A490.
A307
- No longer common except for ½ -in. diameter size used in connections not
requiring a pre-tensioned installation for low levels of load.
- Have 60 ksi minimum tensile strength.
A325
- High-strength bolt
- Have a 120 ksi minimum tensile strength and are permitted to be galvanized
A490
- High-strength bolt
- Have 150 ksi minimum tensile strength
- Not permitted to be galvanized due to hydrogen embrittlement concerns.
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Welding
• Process of fusing multiple pieces of metal together by heating the
metal to a liquid state.
• Welding can often simplify an otherwise complicated joint when

compared to bolting. However, weld are subject to size and length
limitations depending on the thickness of the materials and geometry
of the pieces being joined.
• Should be preferably performed on bare metal, i.e. paint and

galvanizing should be absent from the area on the metal that is to be
welded.
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Guidelines for welded construction are published by the American
Welding Society (AWS) in AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code-
Steel. These were also adopted by the AISC LRFD Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings.
Welding processes:
• SMAW – Shielded Metal Arc

Welding
• GMAW – Gas Metal Arc
Welding
• FCAW – Flux Core Arc Welding
• SAW – Submerged Arc Welding
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Four types of welds:
• Fillet
• Groove
• Plug
• Slot
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Fillet and groove welds
make up the majority of
all structural welds.
There are five type of

structural joints that can
be made using either
fillet or groove welds.
These are: butt, lap, tee,
corner, or edge.
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Weld material strength should be matched to the base metal so
that the resulting weld is stronger than the pieces of metal being
joined.
Regardless of the process or type of welds, shear is always the

controlling limit state.
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Shear Connections
DOUBLE-ANGLE
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SHEAR END-PLATE CONNECTION
Involves welding a plate perpendicular to the end of the supported web and
bolting or welding the plate to the supporting member.
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UNSTIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION
Unique to the family of shear connections. A seated connection is made from

an angle that is mounted to the supporting member, and the other leg provides
a “seat” upon which the beam rests and supports the reaction.
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SINGLE-PLATE (SHEAR TAB) CONNECTION
Consists of a plate welded to the supporting member and bolted to the web of
the supported beam.
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SINGLE-ANGLE CONNECTION
Similar to a double angle connection except that only one angle is used.
A standard all-bolted, single-angle connection has all the bolts in single shear.
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TEE SHEAR CONNECTION
Tee shear connection is fabricated from a WT section with the stem connected
to the web of the supported member and the flange attached to the supporting
member.
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Moment Connections
BOLTED FLANGE PLATES
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Moment Connections
WELDED FLANGE PLATES
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Moment Connections
DIRECTLY WELDED FLANGES
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Moment Connections
EXTENDED END-PLATE
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Moment Connections
ALL-BOLTED MOMENT SPLICE
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Column Splice
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Base Plate Connection
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Miscellaneous Connections
CLEVISES
Bracing members are typically used to add stiffness and/or stability to a
structure. Clevises are mechanical fixtures that are designed to transfer load
from a threaded rod to a transverse pin.
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SKEWED CONNECTION (BENT-PLATE)
Result from members that do not frame together in an orthogonal fashion. May
be made by a bent plate, or if more strength is required, a pair of plates may be
bent.
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SHEAR STUD CONNECTORS
Used in composite construction to transfer horizontal shear forces between a
steel beam and a concrete slab.
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Structural Steel Connections

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Structural Steel Connections

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Structural Steel

Structural elements tend to have several limit states, some

• Allows for easier and faster erection of the structural framing.

Structural bolting is the logical engineering evolution of

Specification for Structural Joints using ASTM A325 or A490

• Welding can often simplify an otherwise complicated joint when

• Should be preferably performed on bare metal, i.e. paint and

• SMAW – Shielded Metal Arc

There are five type of

Regardless of the process or type of welds, shear is always the

Unique to the family of shear connections. A seated connection is made from

WELDED FLANGE PLATES

DIRECTLY WELDED FLANGES

ALL-BOLTED MOMENT SPLICE

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