EE-526

“ELECTRICAL POWER
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
ENGINEERING”
 COURSE INSTRUCTOR

Iqbal Azeem

Lecturer,
Electrical Engineering Dept, NEDUET.

Masters in Energy Management – NEDUET 2015

Bachelors of Engineering (Electrical) – NEDUET 2012

Research: Renewable Energy, Solar MPPT, Matrix Converter

 CLASS INTRODUCTION

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EXPECTATIONS FROM THE COURSE

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 COURSE OUTLINE

1. Comparision of overhead lines and underground cables

2. R,L,C parameters of a transmission line
3. Representation of a transmission line
4. A,B,C,D parameters of a transmission line
5. Design of a transmission line
6. Over voltages and insulation coordination in a
transmission line
7. Loading of a transmission line
8. HVDC transmission
 BOOKS

1. Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering, by Turan

Gonen

2. Elements of Power System Analysis, by William D. Stevenson

3. Power System Analysis and Design, by J. Duncan Glover and

Sharma

4. Any other book/ material from the web

 ASSESMENT

1. Midterm = 20 marks
2. Class Test = 10 marks
3. Assignment = 05 marks
4. Quiz/ Attendance = 05 marks
5. Final Paper = 60 marks
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
PAKISTAN’S YEARLY ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
30,000

Generation (MW) Demand (MW)

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

1. OVERHEAD LINES VS UNDERGROUND CABLES
• Overhead lines are subjected to damage from
severe weather conditions (mainly lightning, wind
and freezing) while underground cables are less
prone to these effects

• Overhead lines are subjected damage during war or

civil unrest while underground cables are
comparatively safe

• Overhead lines cause emission, into the

surrounding area, of electromagnetic fields. All
electric currents generate electromagnetic fields,
but the shielding provided by the earth surrounding
underground cables restricts their range and power
• Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip
of about 1–10 meters to install, whereas an overhead
line requires a surrounding strip of about 20–200
meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety,
maintenance and repair

• Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of

burying cables at transmission voltages is several
times greater than overhead power lines, and the life-
cycle cost of an underground power cable is two to four
times the cost of an overhead power line
• Operations are more difficult since the high reactive
power of underground cables produces large
charging currents and so makes voltage control
more difficult

• Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying

aircrafts or to wildlife, and are significantly safer as
they pose no shock hazard (except to the unwary
digger).
 K-Electric Transmission network
• The transmission network of K-Electric is comprised of
around 65 grids

• Transmission is done on three voltages; 220kV, 132 kV

and 66kV.

DISCLAIMER: The image shown on the next slide is courtesy of K-

Electric. Any further copying or publishing of this image may be
subjected to copyright.
 Transmission Lines
• The power transmission line is one of the major components of
an electric power system.
• Its major function is to transport electric energy, with minimal
losses, from the power sources to the load centres, usually
separated by long distances.
• The three basic electrical parameters of a transmission line are:

1. Series resistance
2. Series inductance
3. Shunt capacitance

• Once evaluated, the parameters are used to model the line and
to perform design calculations.
• The arrangement of the parameters (equivalent circuit)
representing the line depends upon the length of the line.
 Line resistance
The AC resistance of a conductor in a transmission line is based on the
calculation of its DC resistance.
If DC is flowing along a round cylindrical conductor, the current is uniformly
distributed over its cross-section area and the DC resistance is evaluated by:

If AC current is flowing, rather than DC current, the conductor effective resistance

is higher due to the skin effect.

“at 50Hz”
 Temperature effects
The resistivity of any metal varies linearly over an operating temperature, and
therefore the resistance of any conductor suffers the same variations. As
temperature rises, the resistance increases linearly, according to the following
equation:
Magnetic Field -Fundamentals
Ampere’s circuital law

Flux Linkage Inductance

Permeability of free space = µ0 = 4π ×10 −7 H /m

 Line Inductance
• The magnetic flux generated by the current in transmission line
conductors produces a total inductance whose magnitude depends on
the line configuration.

1- Inductance of a Single Conductor

External and internal concentric magnetic flux Internal magnetic flux.

lines around the conductor
 Internal Inductance

The fraction of the current Ix enclosed in the area of the circle is determined by:

Ampere’s law determines the magnetic field intensity Hx constant at any point
along the circle contour:

where μ = μ0 = 4 π x 10-7 (H/m)

The differential flux dφ enclosed in a ring of thickness dx for a 1-m length of

conductor, and the differential flux linkage d λ in the respective area are:
The internal flux linkage is obtained by integrating the differential flux linkage
from x = 0 to x = r :

--------------------------- (1)

The inductance due to internal flux linkage per-unit length becomes

 External Inductance
The external inductance is evaluated assuming that the total current I is
concentrated at the conductor surface (maximum skin effect). At any point
on an external magnetic field circle of radius y , the magnetic field intensity
Hy and the magnetic field density are :

The differential flux dφ enclosed in a ring of thickness dy, from point D1 to point
D2, for a 1-m length of conductor is:
• As the total current I flows in the surface conductor, then the
differential flux linkage dλ has the same magnitude as the differential
flux dφ.

In general, the external flux linkage from the surface of the conductor to
any point D is:

--------------------------- (2)

The summation of the internal and external flux linkage at any point D
permits evaluation of the total inductance of the conductor L per-unit length
as follows,

D
= 2 ×10 −7 ln
r\
 Inductance of a two-wire Single-Phase Line
conductors of radii r1 and r2, separated by a distance D
 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines

•Symmetrical spacing

μH/m
Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
•Asymmetrical spacing

Or in Matrix form:
 Transposition

In actual transmission lines, the phase conductors generally do not have a

symmetrical (triangular) arrangement. However, if the phase conductors are
transposed, an average distance GMD (geometrical mean distance) is
substituted for distance D, and the calculation of the phase inductance derived
for symmetrical arrangement is still valid. In a transposed system, each phase
conductor occupies the location of the other two phases for one third of the
total line length. The inductance per phase per unit length in a transmission
line is:
Exercise
Conductor Bundling
• Commonly used to reduce the electric field strength at the
conductor surface
• Used on overhead lines above 230 kV
• Conductors are connected i n parallel
• Typical bundled conductor configurations

2 conductors 3 conductors 4 conductors

2
 Exercise
Q4. Find the GMR of a stranded conductor
consisting of six outer strands surrounding
and touching one central strand, all strands
having the same radius r.
Q5. Determine the GMR of each of the
unconventional stranded conductors shown in
the Figure below. All strands have the same
radius r.
 Electric Field -Fundamentals
Gauss’s law
 Capacitance of a Single Solid Conductor

The potential difference between two outside points P1 and

P2 with corresponding distances x1 and x2 from the
conductor centre is defined by integrating the electric field
intensity from x1 to x2

Then, the capacitance between points P1 and P2 is evaluated as

If point P1 is located at the conductor surface (x1 = r), and point P2 is located at
ground surface below the conductor (x2 = H), then the voltage of the conductor
and the capacitance between the conductor and ground are
 Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line with Two Wires
The charge on each conductor generates independent
electric fields. Charge q+ on conductor A generates
a voltage VAB-A between both conductors. Similarly, charge
q– on conductor B generates a voltage VAB-B between
conductors.
The voltage between each conductor and ground is one-half of the voltage
between the two conductors. Therefore, the capacitance from either line to ground
is twice the capacitance between lines
Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ GMD -=geometeric mean distance
/
/
between conductors
r .= conductor radius
 Example
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance of the overhead line shown. Assume the line
operates at 60 Hz
2
Typical Parameters for various voltage
TL at 60 Hz
Tutorial- 2
J.Duncan Glover, M. S.Sarma, T.J. Overbye “ Power System
Analysis and Desig”, Fourth Edition

Chapter 4
Problems 4.7, 4.8, 4.10, 4.15, 4.17,
4.22,4.23,4.32,4.36