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India¶s Population = 1027 Million
As per 2001 Census

Urban Population = 285 Million

Urban Areas = 5161

(Cities / Towns)
 TREND OF URBANIZATION

Year Year Year Year

1951 1991 2001 2021

1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --

Agglomerations / Towns

2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0

(in million)

3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%

Population
 MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

- Per capita waste generation increasing by

1.3% per annum

- With urban population increasing between

3 ± 3.5% per annum

- Yearly increase in waste generation is

around 5% annually
- India produces 42.0 million tons of
municipal solid waste annually at present.

- Per capita generation of waste varies from

200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average
generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day
in 0.1 million plus towns.

- Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to

90% of the solid waste generated.
- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/-
to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste
management of which,

* 60-70% of the amount is on

collection alone

* 20% - 30% on transportation

* Hardly any fund is spent on

treatment and disposal of waste

- Crude dumping of waste in most of the

cities
 UANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION

TOTAL UANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNE

GENERATED IN URBAN AREAS PER DAY (TPD)
OF THE COUNTRY
% OF TOTAL
GARBAGE
WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD 18.35%

WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.08%

(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD 37.07%

CLASS-I TOWNS
(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) ____________ _________
83,378.28 TPD 72.50%

IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE

OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL
WASTE.
 Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55%

matter (can be converted
into manure)

Inert material = 40% - 45% (to

go to landfill)

Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%

(Recycling)

These percentages vary from city to city depending

on food habits
 PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

- STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING

- DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS

- TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS
- CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED
- BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE STREAM
- INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN
AREAS

- SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE

NOT DONE

- PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT

PLACE OF GENERATION
Contd../..

- DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGE

DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF
GARBAGE .

- STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY

- WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES

- WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35

ULBs ONLY

- FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING

- RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM

MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE
WASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS
REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

 Lack of planning for waste management while planning

townships
 Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management,
planning and designing in urban local bodies
 Lack of technically trained manpower
 Lack of community involvement
 Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management
using modern techniques / best practices
 Lack of awareness creation mechanism
 Lack of Management Information Systems
 Lack of funds with ULBs
 Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and
sustainability
 RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT

1. Possible Waste Management Options :

(a) Waste Minimisation

(b) Material Recycling
(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)
(d) Waste Transformation
(e) Sanitary Landfilling ± Limited land availability is a
constraint in Metro cities.

2. Processing / Treatment should be :

(i) Technically sound

(ii) Financially viable
(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly
(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community
(v) Long term sustainability
 RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING
& DISPOSAL
I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)

(A) WASTE TO COMPOST

(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING

(B) WASTE TO ENERGY

(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION

(ii) BIO-METHANATION

II RECYCLING OF WASTE

III SANITARY LANDFILLING

IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED
FOR WASTE PROCESSING

TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE

UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING

BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING +

MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING +

REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF)
FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN
VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY
(INDUSTRIAL OR NON-
INDUSTRIAL)
OR
BIO-METHANATION
 TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS

Requirement of funds as per 10th Plan document for

0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are as
under:-

Capital Investment = Rs.23226.00 million

Equipment replacement = Rs. 1355.00 million

cost
________________

Rs.24581.00 million
________________
Based on January, 2000 prices
 INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
 Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 -
Notified
 Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules,
2000 ± Notified.
 Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
 Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management
 Technology Advisory Group on Municipal
Solid Waste Management
 Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated
Plant Nutrient Management from city
compost.
 Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by
Government of India
 Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
 Public-Private Partnership in SWM
 Capacity Building
 Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
 Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory
Authority
 Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in
ULBs & other Sector Reforms
 Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for
benefit of ULBs for adoption
 Financial Assistance by Government of India -
12th Finance Commission Grants
 DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTS
FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT ± RS.2500.00 CRORES

( RS. IN MILLION)

(I) COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4

EUIPMENT & MACHINERY

(II) COMPOST PLANTS - 10012.3

(III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT - 10568.8

-------------------
TOTAL 24445.5
------------------
DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 Million
COMMISSION

PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2 Million

ENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN
COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING
 NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED

FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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 MAIN ISSUES

Ö ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE

- LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND

APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

- UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPER

COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION
AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

- INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE

MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS

- LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTE

MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS

- LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs

 RECOMMENDATIONS

- Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste

Management Services recommended by 12th
Finance Commission for using grants
- ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste at
source
- Waste processing like composting, bio-
methanation should be done through public-private
partnerships / private sector
- Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be done
under public private partnerships / private sector
- Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio-
Medical Waste Management Facilities.