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· Historicaly white was ‘pure’ and the rest were ‘contaminations’ of it.
· Newton changes this concept introducing the colored spectrum: White is ‘structured’.
· 1802: T. Young: Trivalence hipothesis: There must be just three receptor in the eye.
· 1855: J. C. Maxwell confirms the hipothesis: Representation of color in a 3D space.
· Maxwell measures the amount of primary colors necessary to obtain spectral colors.
· 1924: First CIE meeting (Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage ).
· 1931: CIE defines the standard observer.
· From the XVII to the XX century: Color catalogues, Human eye:
guides, collections, atlas… Cone Sensitivity.
· DIN system (1940’s): Similar to Munsell, but uses spectral colors for the hue.
dF
· Spectral flux F = 0 dl
dl Fl dl
0
780
· Luminous flux F 380
Vl·Feldl
· Color perception requires light. The available light is given by the source.
· Sources: Primary or secondary.
Continuous spectrum
Mixed spectrum
Typical
Incandescent lamp fluorescent
bulb
Sunlight spectrum
https://www.comsol.com/blogs/calculating-the-emission-spectra-from-common-light-sources/
· Illuminant ‘A’: Black body emission at 2855,5 K. (In practice: Spiral W lamp in air).
· Illuminants ‘B’ and ‘C’: Direct and average sunlight, respectively. (Not in use today).
· Illuminants ‘D’: Represent Daylight. The most important one is the D65 (T=6500K)
· Brightness: The propery that tells us about how bright or dark a surface is.
· Hue: The propery that tells us about how reddish or bluish, etc. a surface is.
· Saturation: The propery that tells us about how vivid or dull a surface is.
· ACTUALLY: It is the way in which color guides and color especification systems work.
· R: To Link color attributes to the physical magnitudes of light that reaches the observer.
·Trichromatic Principle:
Any color can be obtained by the addition of 3 primary colors adequately chosen.
The amounts of each color are named triestimulus values.
· In general: given three real sources, they cannot cover the gamut of human vision
· Then, the CIE proposes another set of 3 primary colors [X, Y, Z]:
- Positive triestimulus values (all colors lie in the triangle)
- One of the triestimulus -Y- values carries all the information
about the luminous flux.
- But… this primary colors are NOT REAL.
· Triestimulus values are not normalized (depend on the intensity don’t specify a color)
· Chromaticity values:
X Y Z
x y z
XYZ XYZ XYZ
X Y Z
· Chromatic Coordinates: x y z
XYZ XYZ XYZ
· X, Y, Z depend and the illuminant. For these reason color especification for objects
requires standard illumination (Remember D65)
· Many color spaces have been defined, trying to obtain uniformity in the space.
· 1976: CIELab was introduced by CIE. It is today the most succesful one.
- It is a Cartesian system. The metric is transformed in pursue of uniformity.
- It reminds Munsell Color System
- It requires the triestimulus values of a perfect white diffuser: Xn, Yn, Zn.
- Mathematically:
Y
L* 116 3 0.1379
Yn
X Y
a* 500 3 3
Xn Yn
Y Z
b* 200 3 3
Yn Z n