AUXILIARY VERBS VERB

1. TO DO TO WRITE
DO, DOES, DID 1. WRITE (V1)
2. TO BE 2. WRITES
AM, ARE, IS 3. WRITING
WAS, WERE 4. WROTE (V2)
3. TO HAVE 5. WRITTEN (V3)
HAS, HAVE, HAD
4. MODALS
CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
WILL WOULD
SHALL SHOULD
MUST
OUGHT TO
NEED
DARE
USED TO

DIIKUTI OLEH
FUNGSI AUXILIARY VERBS:

1. MENEGATIFKAN KALIMAT
2. MENGINTERROGATIFKAN KALIMAT
3. MENAMBAH MAKNA KATA DALAM KALIMAT

THEY DON’T COME TODAY

DO YOU LIKE TO STUDY ENGLISH?

THEY COME : MEREKA DATANG

THEY WILL COME : MEREKA AKAN DATANG
(+) S (I, YOU, THEY, WE) + V1 S. PRESENT T
THEY STUDY ENGLISH
DO STUDY
1. GENERAL TRUTH KEBENARAN UMUM
THE SUN RISES IN THE EAST
2. HABITUAL ACTION KEBIASAAN
I GET UP AT 5 EVERY MORNING
EVERY ……. (every morning, every day, every week, etc)
ONCE A ….. (once a day, once a week, once a month0
TWICE A ….. (twice a day, twice a week, etc)
THREE TIMES A ……
Written by: Onggung Gultom, M.Hum
 TENSES
(KALA WAKTU)

SETIAP TINDAKAN HARUS DIHUBUNGKAN

DENGAN WAKTU

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

 INDONESIAN ENGLISH

MEREKA PERGI KE MEDAN KEMARIN THEY WENT TO MEDAN YESTERDAY

MEREKA PERGI KE MEDAN HARI INI THEY GO TO MEDAN TODAY

MEREKA SEDANG PERGI KE MEDAN SEKARANG THEY ARE GOING TO MEDAN NOW

MEREKA SUDAH PERNAH PERGI KE MEDAN THEY HAVE EVER GONE TO MEDAN

MEREKA AKAN PERGI KE MEDAN BESOK THEY WILL GO TO MEDAN TOMORROW

(-) S (I, YOU, THEY, WE) + DO + NOT + V1
THEY DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH

(?) DO + S (YOU, THEY, WE) + V1

DO THEY STUDY ENGLISH?

A: I LOVE YOU
B: DO YOU?
A: YES, I DO
I DO LOVE YOU

SHE DOES NEED YOU

THEY DO COME
WE DO STUDY
HE DOES LOVE HER
 (+) S (SHE, HE, IT) + V-s/es
SHE STUDIES ENGLISH

DOES STUDY
(-) S (SHE, HE, IT) + DOES + NOT + V1
SHE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH
(?) DOES + S (SHE, HE, IT) + V1
DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH?
VERB + ES
O GOES
X FIXES
CH WATCHES
SS DRESSES
SH BRUSHES
CONSONANT + Y = I ES CRY = CRIES
1. Yes/ No Question (DO, DOES, DID + s + v1)
Do you like English?
Yes, I do. I like English
No, I don’t. I don’t like English

2. Informative Question (WH-words + DO, DOES, DID + S + V1)

WHERE DOES SHE LIVE?
SHE LIVES ON MERDEKA STREET NO 007
WHAT DO YOU MEAN?
WHY DOES SHE LEAVE?
WHICH ONE DO YOU LIKE?
HOW DO YOU SPELL YOUR NAME?
ARRANGED BY: ONGGUNG GULTOM, M.Hum
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ADV OF
TIME
I STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

YOU STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

THEY STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

WE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

SHE STUDIES ENGLISH EVERY DAY

HE STUDIES ENGLISH EVERY DAY

IT EATS FISH EVERY DAY

SUBJ DO/ DOES + VERB OBJ ADV OF TIME
NOT
I DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
YOU DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
THEY DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
WE DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
SHE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
HE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY
IT DOES NOT EAT FISH EVERY DAY
SUBJ SUBJ VERB OBJ ADV OF TIME

DO I STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DO YOU STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DO THEY STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DO WE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DOES HE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?
DOES IT EAT FISH EVERY DAY?
(+) Subject + V2 + Object + Adv of time S. Past Tense
He wrote a letter last night
did write
(-) Subject + did + not + V1 + Obj + Adv of time/place
He did not write a letter last night

(?) Did + Subject + V1 + Obj + Adv of time/place

Did he write a letter last night?
Yes, he did. He wrote a letter last night.
No, he didn’t. He didn’t write a letter last night

(?) Wh-words
Wh + did + Subject + V-1 + (Obj)+ Adv of time/place
What did he write last night?
He wrote a letter last night

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum

Past Tense:
The activity that happened in the past

• ADVERB OF TIME
Last …….
Last night, Last week, last month, last year, etc
…… Ago
5 minutes ago, two days ago, a few weeks ago
This morning, yesterday, etc

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M.

Hum
 WRITE

DO WRITE

WRITES

DOES WRITE

WROTE

DID WRITE

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum

 Put the following sentences into (-) and (?)
1. She goes to the office every morning
2. They came to her house last night
3. The boy gets up at 5 every morning
4. We study English twice a week
5. Mary sings the song beautifully
Translate into English!
1. Janet mengunjungi saya minggu lalu
2. John tidak memberitahukan hal itu kepada saya
3. Tahukah anda bahwa pendidikan itu mahal?
4. Kemanakah anda pergi kemarin?
5. Siapa yang tahu jawabannya?

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum

 PRONOUNS
PERSONAL POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE EMPHATIC
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS PRONOUN PRONOUN
S O POSS. ADJ POSS. P SELF/ SELVES
I ME MY PEN MINE MYSELF MYSELF
SHE HER HER PEN HERS HERSELF HERSELF
HE HIM HIS PEN HIS HIMSELF HIMSELF
IT IT ITS TAIL (IT’S) ITSELF ITSELF
YOU YOU YOUR PEN YOURS YOURSELF YOURSELF
THEY THEM THEIR PEN THEIRS THEMSELVES THEMSELVES
WE US OUR PEN OURS OURSELVES OURSELVES
YOU YOU YOUR PEN YOURS YOURSELVES YOURSELVES
 TO BE
1. SUBJECT + AM, ARE, IS + V-ING PR. CONT. T
(+) THEY ARE STUDYING ENGLISH NOW
(-) THEY ARE NOT STUDYING ENGLISH NOW
(?) ARE THEY STUDYING ENGLISH NOW?
WH + AM, ARE, IS + + S+ V-ING?
WHERE ARE THEY GOING NOW?
THEY ARE GOING TO SCHOOL NOW
2. SUBJECT + WAS, WERE + V-ING PS. CONT. T
(+) THEY WERE WATCHING TV WHEN IT RAINED
(-) THEY WERE NOT WATCHING WHEN IT RAINED
(?) WERE THEY WATCHING TV WHEN IT RAINED
Penambahan “Ing” dibelakang kata kerja
1. VERB YG BERAKHIR DENGAN “E”, MAKA “E” DIHILANGKAN
KEMUDIAN DITAMBAH DENGAN “ING”
Eg. GIVE GIVING
LOVE LOVING
Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum
2.Verb yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata berakhir dgn 1 vocal dan 1 konsonan, maka
konsonannya didouble: cut cutting
3. Verb yg terdiri dari 1 suku kata dan berakhir dgn “ie”, maka “ie” diganti
dengan “Y” kemudian ditambah dgn “ing”.
die dying
tie tying
lie lying

SUBJECT + AM, ARE, IS, WAS, WERE + V3 = PASSIVE SENTENCE

1. Transitive Verb
2. Subject dlm kal Active menjadi Object dlm kal Passive (Obj. Pelaku)
3. Object dlm kal Active menjadi Subject dlm Passive
4. (To) Be + V3 (past participle) = di/ ter ………..
1. Simple Present Tense
Active Passive
S + V1/ Vs/es + Object S + am, are, is + V3 + (by) + Obj
She writes a letter A letter is written by her

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum

2. Simple Past Tense
Active Passive
S + V2 + O S + was, were + V3 + (by) + O
She wrote a letter A letter was written by her
3. Present Continuous Tense
S + am, are, is + V-ing + O S + am, are, is + being + V3 + (by) + O
She is writing a letter now A letter is being written by her
4. Past Continuous Tense
S + was, were + V-ing + O S + was, were + being + V3 + (by) + O
She was writing many letters Many letters were being written by her
5. Present Perfect Tense
S + have, has + V3 + O S + have, has + been + V3 + (by) + O
She has written some letters Some letters have been written by her
6. Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3 + O S + had + been + V3 + (by) + O
She had written a letter A letter had been written by her
7. Present Future Tense
S + will + V1 + O S + will + be + V3 + (by) + O
She will write a letter A letter will be written by her
 8. Past Future Tense
Active Passive
S + would + V1 + O S + would + be + V3 + (by) + O
She would write a letter A letter would be written by her
9. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + have, has + been + V-ing + O S + have, has + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She has been writing some letters Some letters have been being written by her
10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
S + had + been + V-ing + O S + had + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She had been writing some letters Some letters had been being written by her
11. Present Future Continuous Tense
S + will + be + V-ing + O S + will + be + being + V3 + (by) + O
She will be writing a letter A letter will be being written by her
12. Past Future Continuous Tense
S + would + be + V-ing + O S + would+ be + being + V3 + (by) + O
She would be writing a letter A letter would be being written by her
13. Present Future Perfect Tense
S + will + have + V3 + O S + will + have + been + V3 + (by) + O
She will have written a letter A letter will have been written by her
14. Past Future Perfect Tense
S + would + have + V3 + O S + would + have + been + V3 + (by) + O
She would have written a letter A letter would have been written by her
 15. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Active Passive
S + will + have + been + V-ing + O S + will + have + been + being + V3 + (by) + O

She will have been writing a letter A letter will have been being written by her
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
S + would + have + been + V-ing + O S + would + have + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She would have been writing a letter A letter would have been being written by her

Addition
MODALS + BE + V3
Example: The book can be bought at the book store
The exercise can be done by the students
These announcement will be announced tomorrow

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum

• Change the following sentences into passive
• 1. He bought some books yesterday
• 2. He gives me some money
• 3. They will build a new house
• 4. He has taken the books
• 5. W. R Supratman composed Indonesia
Raya

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

 VERB –ING HE IS SINGING

VERB 3 THE BOOK IS WRITTEN BY HIM

TO BE
NOUN I AM A STUDENT

ADJECTIVE THEY ARE BUSY

ADVERB THE STUDENTS ARE OUTSIDE

IT IS 7 O’CLOCK

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

 HAVE

1. As an Auxiliary Verb (kata kerja bantu)

2. As a Verb (full verb/ kata kerja)
Ad. 1. As an Auxiliary Verb Present Perfect Tense
(+) Subject + has, have + V3
She has studied English for 5 years
( - ) She has not studied English for 5 years
( ? ) Has she studied English for 5 years?
Yes, she has
No, she hasn’t
SINCE & FOR

(+) Subject + had + V3 Past Perfect Tense

They had left for Jakarta
( - ) Subject + had + not + V3
They hadn’t left for Jakarta
( ? ) Had they left for Jakarta?
Yes, they had
No, they hadn’t

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

SUBJEC HAVE/ HAS HAD V3
T
I HAVE HAD EATEN
YOU HAVE HAD EATEN
SHE HAS HAD EATEN
HE HAS HAD EATEN
IT HAS HAD EATEN
THEY HAVE HAD EATEN
WE HAVE HAD EATEN
ad 2 As a verb (full verb)
1 To possess (possessive) mempunyai
2 To take makan/ minum
3 To experience mengalami/ merasakan
4 Obligation/ necessity harus/ terpaksa
5 To ask (causative) menyuruh/ memerintah

Ad. 1. To possess (memiliki)

Eq. They have a big house
She has much money
I don’t have any money (informal: I have no money)

Ad. 2. To take (makan/ minum)

I have breakfast at 6 (between breakfast and luch “brunch”)
She has lunch at 12
They have dinner at 7
He has supper at 11
What did you have for breakfast this morning?
I had instant noodle
What would you like to have?
I would like to have coca-cola

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

Ad. 3. To experience (mengalami/ merasakan)
I have a trouble with my pronunciation
She has headache
He has toothache
Jane has stomache

Ad. 4. Obligation/ necesiity (harus/ terpaksa)

I have to study hard = I must study hard
She does not have to leave now = She mustn’t leave now
As a young generation you have to work hard =
You have to obey your parents =
As human beings we have to respect each other=
You don’t have to say good bye =
They didn’t have to go to Medan = (mereka tidak harus pergi ke Medan kemarin)

akan harus = will have to

harus dapat = have to be able
harus (pada waktu lampau) “had to”

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

Ad. 5. To ask (causative) = menyuruh/ memerintah
1. Active Meaning
Subject + have. Has, had + Object + V1
I ask the boy to come in I have the boy come in
The manager asks me to work harder The manager has me work harder
My mother asks my sister to sweep the floor My Mom has my sister sweep the floor
2. Passive Meaning
Subject + have, has, had + Object + V3
I ask someone to paint my house = I have my house painted
The man asks him to repair his car = The man has his car repaired
Mr. Smith asks the barber to cut his hair = Mr. Smith has his hair cut

Get as causative: Active meaning Subject + get, gets, got + Object + to-infinitive
eq. I ask the boy to come in I get the boy to come in
The lectures asks the students to go The lectures gets the students to go

Get as causative: Passive meaning Subject + get, gets, got + Object + V3

The man asks his son to wash the car The man gets the car washed
He asks the man to cut the tree He gets the tree cut
Jim asks the mechanic to repair his car Jim gets his car repaired

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

Put the following sentences into causative “have or get”!

1. The director asked his secretary to type some letters.

2. The teacher will ask the students to do the exercise.
3. My father asks my younger brother to post the letter.
4. Mr. Black asks the guest to come in.
5. The captain asks his men to arrest the bandits.
6. My mother asks me to hang the picture.
7. The headmaster asks the students to obey the rules.
8. The guide asks the tourists to follow him
9. The man asked his sons to clean the house.
10. The police asks the man to open the door.

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

 MODALS
SUBJECT + MODALS + V1
CAN
1. ABILITY (Kemampuan)
2. POSSIBILITY (Kemungkinan)
3. PERMISSION (izin)
1. Ability = to be able to (Subject + am, are, is, was, were + able to + V1)
He can sing a song beautifully = He is able to sing a song beautifully
She can answer the test correctly = She is able to answer the test correctly
2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
They can come late today
John can be at home
3. Permission (Memohon izin)
Can I borrow your dictionary, please?
You can go home now
COULD
1. ABILITY (kemampuan pada waktu lampau) = to be able to (was, were able to + V1)
He could run fast when he was young = He was able to run fast when he was young
2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
You could be late if you walked so slowly
The man could be Mr. James
3. Permission (Izin)
Could I come to your house tonight?
You could use one of my pen
Could you accompany me to go there tonight?
• MAY
1. Permission
2. Possibility
1. Permission (more polite)
May I come in, sir?
May I borrow your book, please?
2. Possibility (certainty/ kemungkinan yang lebih pasti)
He may come today
They may be at home
MIGHT (Possibility/ kemungkinan yang kuran pasti)
She might fail in the exam
He might fall in love with you
WILL
1. To be going to + V1 (Future Tense) = Akan
I will come to your house = I am going to come to your house
She will help you = She is going to help you
2. Permission
Will you wait for me, please?
Will you help me, please?
Would = Conditional (Past Future)
Type I (Future Possible)
Present Future Tense + IF + Simple Present Tense
IF + Simple Present Tense + Present Future Tense
I will pass the exam if I study hard
If I study hard, I will pass the exam
I will come to your birthday party if I have time
If I have time, I will come to your birthday party
Type II (Present – Unreal)
Past Future Tense + IF + Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense + Past Future Tense
I would pass the exam if I studied hard
If I if studied hard, I would pass the exam
Type III
Past Future Perfect Tense + If + Past Perfect Tense
If + Past Perfect Tense + Past Future Perfect Tense
I would have passed the exam If I had studied hard
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam
WOULD (Asking for Permission) Present Tense
Would you give me your hands, please?
Would you mind coming to the meeting tonight?
SHALL
British = Akan ( I & We + Shall + V1)
American = Harus
(Br) I shall leave for Jakarta tomorrow
(Am) I shall leave for Jakarta tomorrow
1. SHOULD (Sesuatu yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau tetapi tidak dilakukan)
You shouldn’t do such foolish thing
You should study hard
You should take a rest
2. Keharusan (Present tense)
You shoud obey your parents
We should help each other
We should respect each other
MUST (Harus/ mesti/ terpaksa) = Have to
They must study hard = They have to study hard
Children mustn’t play in the rain = Children don’t have to play in the rain

(+) They had to move to a new house

(-) They didn’t have to move to a new house
(?) Did they have to move to a new house?

Where did they have to go yesterday?

They had to go to Jakarta yesterday

OUGHT TO (harus)
You ought to come to my birthday party
You ought to study more serious

NEED (perlu/ butuh)

1. As an Aux Verb (Subject + need + V1)
(+) I need say something to you
(-) I needn’t say anything to you
(?) Need you say anything to me?
As a verb (need to + V1)
(+) She needs to do the exercise
(-) She doesn’t need to do the exercise
(?) Does she need to do the exercise?
DARE (Berani/ tega)
1. As an aux verb (Subject + dare + V1)
(+) She dare say that she is right
(-) She daren’t say that she is right
(?) dare she say that she is right?

As a Verb
(+) She dares to say so
(-) She doesn’t dare to say so
(?) Does she dare to say so?

USED TO (kebiasaan pada waktu lampau/ tidak terjadi lagi sekarang)

I used to go there when I was a kid
She used to live alone when she was a student
We used to quarrel when we lived together

I didn’t use to sleep alone when a was a kid

He didn’t use study at night when he was a student
My sister didn’t use to come late a night