Irman Somantri

Research &
Administration

politic Teaching

Domain of
Nursing

Consultation Practice

Theory
• Penyajian konseptual tentang suatu realitas yg dpt berbentuk
abstraks, rekonstruksi
• Terdiri dari konsep dan ide umum
• Serangkaian konsep dan pernyataan yang terintegrasi menjadi
susunan yg dapat berarti
• Umum
• Abstrak
• Tak terbatas
1. Apa yang dilihat
2. Bagaimana cara memandangnya
3. Aspek-aspek yg perlu dipertimbangkan
• Suatu set dari konsep, definisi & proposisi yg
menggambarkan pandangan sistematik dari suatu
fenomena dengan desain hubungan interrelasi secara
spesifik diantara konsep dengan maksud
• Menggambarkan
• Menjelaskan
Fenomena
• Memprediksi
• mengontrol
Concepts ideas and mental images that help to describe
phenomena (Alligood and Marriner-Tomey, 2002)

Definitions convey the general meaning of the concepts

Assumptions statements that describe concepts

Phenomenon aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or

experienced (Meleis, 1997)
• Cara untuk membina keperawatan sebagai profesi
• Nilai intrinsik teori penting untuk keperawatan sebagai profesi
• A model that explains the linkages of science,
philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the
discipline (Alligood and Marriner – Tomey, 2002)
• The view or perspective
of the discipline
• It contains the subject,
central concepts, values
and beliefs, phenomena
of interest, and the
central problems of the
discipline
• Nursing has identified its
domain in a paradigm
that includes four
linkages:
1) person/client
2) health
3) environment
4) nursing
 Person

4 Major
Environm
Nursing Concepts ent
Nursing Theory

Health
• It guides nursing practice
and generates
knowledge
• It helps to describe or
explain nursing
• Enables nurses to know
WHY they are doing
WHAT they are doing
• Mengarahkan tindakan keperawatan
• Menyesuaikan dengan praktek keperawatan
• Memungkinkan praktek keperawatan sebagai profesi
• Grand theories – broad and
complex
• Middle-range theories-
address specific phenomena
and reflect practice
• Descriptive theories – first
level of theory development
• Prescriptive theories –
address nursing interventions
and predict their
consequences
 Everyday Both practice and Theory helps to
practice enriches theory are reframe our
theory guided by values thinking about
and beliefs nursing

Theory guides use Theory can close To envision

of ideas and the gap between potentialities
techniques theory and (Gordon, Parker,
research & Jester, 2001)
 Implementasi
• Implementasi
Transisi sesuai teori
• Integrasi
• Mengintegrasikan sebenarnya
Pendidikan model dlm
kegiatan sehari-
• Mengenalkan hari
Identifikasi model yg dipakai
• Perlu memilih satu
teori yg cocok dg
kondisi
• Organize patient data
• Understand patient data
• Analyze patient data
• Make decisions about nursing interventions
• Plan patient care
• Predict outcomes of care
• Evaluate patient outcomes
(Alligood, 2001)
• By asking yourself two
very important
questions…..
1. What is the nature of
knowledge needed for
the practice of nursing?
2. What does it mean to me
to practice nursing?
• Systems theory
• Basic Human Needs
theory
• Health and Wellness
Models
• Stress and Adaptation
• Developmental Theories
• Psychosocial Theories
 Needs theories Interaction theories Outcome theories

Abdellah Faye Imogene King Johnson

Virginia Henderson Ida Jean Orlando Marie Levine
Dorothea E Orem Paterson Martha Rogers
Hildegard E Peplau Callista Roy
Wiedenbach
Abdellah use problem solving approach to deal
with 21 problems related to needs of
patients
Henderson helping 14 activities contributing to
health and recovery

Orem self care to meet individual’s need

King a process of action, reaction and interaction
nurse and client share information.
Orlando interaction with patients who have need or
response to suffering individuals
Peplau Therapeutic interpersonal, serial goal
oriented process
Wiedenbach Sensing, perseiving, validating patient need
for help
Johnson External regulation force acting to preserve the
organization and integration of patient’s behaviour.

Levine Patient advocacy, self respect of patient, perception

and support for personal and individual needs

Rogers Humanistic science for maintaining and promoting heal

th, preventing illness, caring for rehabilitating and
disabled.

Roy Theoretical system of knowledge viewing client as

biopsychosocial illness who adapt to changing
environment
Ilmu dan seni Humanistik
Keperawatan Interpersonal System Field Energy
(Filosofi Keperawatan) Relationship

• Florence • Peplau • Dorohea • Levin

Nightingale • Travelbee Johnson • Fitzpatrick
• Henderson • Orlando • Roy • Rogers
• Abdellah • Wiedenbach • Neuman • Newman
• Hall • King
• Orem • Riehl-Sisca
• Adam • Erikson
• Leininger • Tomlin
• Watson. • Swain dan
Barnard
• Medical science
• Nursing education
• Professional nursing
organizations
• Evolving research
approaches
• Global concerns
• Consumer demands
• Technologies
 Knowledge Type Examples of Types of Nursing
Knowledge
Metaparadigm Human beings, environment, health,
nursing
Philosophy Nightingale’s philosophy
Conceptual models Neuman Systems Model
Grand theory Optimal Client System Stability
Theory Flexible line of defense moderates
Optimal Client System Stability
Middle-range theory Flexible line of defense moderates
stress levels for Optimal Client System
Stability in women who are enacting
multiple roles (Gigliotti, 2011)