Cellular Principles

Section 5
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
Cellular Principles
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-1

Objectives
Provide an introduction to the concept

of cellular radio networks.
After completing this lesson you will be able to:

• Explain what a radio cell is
• List the various types of cells
• Explain what a clutter is
• Have basic notions on Link Budget
• Explain what an Erlang is
• Explain what a frequency reuse pattern is
• Have basic notions on Link Budget

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Radio Design
Cellular Principles
5-3
Erlang Concept
Erlang is the unit of statistical resource use.
Average number of busy channels

during the period of observation
(usually, the peak hour).
Example:
One user speaking on the phone for three minutes out of one hour will need:
3/60 = .05 ERLANG or 50 mErl
Erlang B:
At some time some users can need the resource simultaneously:
the use of the resource is associated with a blocking rate.
Erlang C:
When users request the resource at the same time, instead of rejecting the extra calls,
users are requested to wait some time before getting the line.

Dimensioning Look-up Tables
Blocking Rate; Ratio and Abis Interfaces: Omni Sites
PCM E1 (31 TS) / PCM T1 (24 TS)
Blocking factor = 2.0% EXAMPLE - NORTEL PRODUCT SPECIFIC
8 TRX/LAPD
DTI DTI
Total boards boards
TRX Erlangs E/TRX TCH BCCH SDCCH/8 LAPD PCM /TS PCM/E1 PCM/T1
O1 2.93 2.9 7 1* 0 1 3 1 1
O2 8.2 4.1 14 1 1 1 5 1 1
O3 14 4.7 21 1 2 1 7 1 1
O4 21 5.3 29 1 2 1 9 1 1
O5 27.3 5.4 36 1 3 1 11 1 1
O6 34.7 5.8 44 1 3 1 13 1 1
O7 42.1 6 52 1 3 1 15 1 1
O8 48.7 6.1 59 1 4 1 17 1 1
* Combined BCCH

Blocking Rate; Radio and Abis Interfaces: Bisectorial Sites
PCM E1 (31 TS)/PCM T1 (24 TS)

Blocking Rate = 2.0% EXAMPLE - NORTEL PRODUCT SPECIFIC
8TRX / LAPD
LAPD TS Total PCM

TRX Erlangs E/TRX TCH BCCH SDCCH/8 number Time slots E1 PCM T1 PCM
S 11 5.86 2.93 14 2x1* 2x0 1 5 1 1
S 22 16.4 4.1 28 2x1 2x1 1 9 1 1
S 33 28 4.7 42 2x1 2x2 1 13 1 1
S 44 42 5.3 58 2x1 2x2 1 17 1 1
S 55 54.6 5.5 72 2x1 2x3 2 22 1 1
S 66 69.4 5.8 88 2x1 2x3 2 26 1 2
S 77 84.2 6.0 104 2x1 2x3 2 30 1 2
S 88 97.4 6.1 118 2x1 2x4 2 34 2 2
* Combined BCCH

Blocking Rate; Radio and Abis Interfaces: Trisectorial Sites
PCM E1 (31 TS) / PCM T1 (24 TS)
Blocking factor = 2.0% EXAMPLE - NORTEL PRODUCT SPECIFIC
8 TRX/LAPD
DTI DTI
Total boards boards

TRX Erlangs E/TRX TCH BCCH SDCCH/8 LAPD PCM/T1
PCM /TS PCM/E1
S 111 8.79 2.93 21 3 x 1* 3x0 1 7 1 1
S 222 24.6 4.1 42 3x1 3x1 1 13 1 1
S 333 42 4.7 63 3x1 3x2 3 21 1 1
S 444 63 5.3 87 3x1 3x2 3 27 1 2
S 555 81.9 5.5 108 3x1 3x3 3 33 2 2
S 666 104.1 5.8 132 3x1 3x3 3 39 2 2
S 777 126.3 6.0 156 3x1 3x3 3 45 2 2
S 888 146.1 6.1 177 3x1 3x4 3 51 2 3
* Combined BCCH
Fading
Example of Field Strength Variation for GSM 1800

-10
-20 Zoom on
Short Term Fading
-30 Measurement
Field Strength (dBm)
Free Space
 /2
-40
±2m
-50
-60
-70
Long Term Fading
-80
-90
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
-100
Distance (m)

Coverage or Traffic Limitations
TRAFFIC
LIMITED
AREA COVERAGE
(10000 LIMITED
subscriber AREA
per km2) (-75 dBm
at cell edge)
COVERAGE
LIMITED
AREA
(-70 dBm
at cell edge)

Cell Sectorization
OMNI
TRI
BI
Omnidirectional Site Antennas

Bi and Trisectorial Site Antennas

Three Dimensions Antenna Pattern

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Clutters
Cellular Principles
5-14
Link Budget Presentation
Parameters
Antenna Gain (65°)
18 dBi Frequency 1800 MHz
Jumper Loss Base Height 40.0 m
0.5 dB Mobile Height 1,5 m
Environment Urban
Feeder Loss
3 dB
Penetration Factor 15 dB
Sensitivity Body Loss 3 dB

-110 dBm
Antenna Gain
Coupling system Outdoor Minimum Field -2 dB
Cable Loss
95%: -80 dBm 0 dB
Tx loss
4.5 dB Coverage Range RX TX
95%: 810 m
Output Power
RXm RXd 30 dBm
Sensitivity
-100 dBm
Max TX Output Power
Options
44.8 dBm
Rx Diversity Gain: 5 dB
Mobile
Base Station Overlapping Margin: 0 dB

Link Budget Calculation
LINK BUDGET V4.1 COST231 - HATA MACROCELLULAR PROPAGATION MODEL (1.5 GHz - 2GHz)
CONTRACT: BIDON SITEANTENNA HEIGHT: 40.0 m
ENVIRONMENT: DENSE URBAN PROPAGATIONCOEFFICIENT: 34.41
SITE TYPE: S8000 IN/OUTDOOR H2D PATHLOSS AT 1Km: 134.5 dB
INDOOR Ref: /GDC/IRC/97/????
MAXSUB. ENVIRONMENT CORRECTION: -11.9 dB
LINK BUDGET CALCULATION MAXRURALENVIRONMENT CORRECTION: -31.9 dB
BTS MS
SELECTEDENVIRONMENT CORRECTION: 3.0 dB

TX PA OUTPUT POWER: 30.00 W ( max30.00 W ) 1.00 W
SELECTEDENVIRONMENT STANDARDDEVIATION: 7.0 dB
"" 44.8 dBm 30.0 dBm
REQUIREDOUTDOORQUALITYAT -80 dBm: 50%
COMBINER LOSSES: 4.9 dB None
SHADOW MARGIN: 0.0 dB
SPECIFIC TX CABLE LOSSES: 0.0 dB None
MAXIMUM COVERAGERANGE: 0.81 km
RX SENSITIVITY: -110.0 dBm -100.0 dBm
OMNID. EQUIVALENT HEXAGONAREA: 1.706 km2
ANTENNA GAIN (ISO.): 18.0 dBi -2.0 dBi
OMNID. AVERAGESITESEPARATION: 1.40 km
COMMON CABLE LOSSES: 3.5 dB 0.0 dB
TRISECTOREQUIVALENT 3 HEXAG. AREA: 1.280 km2
BODYLOSSES: None 3.0 dB
TRISECTORAVERAGESITESEPARATION: 1.22 km
RX DIVERSITYGAIN: 5.0 dB
OVERLAPPINGMARGIN: 0.0 dB
PREDICTION TOOL PARAMETERS
IN CAR PENETRATION FACTOR: 0.0 dB
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
INDOOR PENETRATION FACTOR: 15.0 dB
OPERATINGFREQUENCY: 1800 MHz SITEEIRP: 54.4 dBm
EQUIVALENT E.I.R.P: 54.4 dBm DESIGNMINIMUM FIELD: -80.0 dBm

TOTAL UPLINK BUDGET: 139.5 dB MODELERRORSTANDARDDEVIATION: 8.0 dB
TOTAL DOWNLINK BUDGET: 134.4 dB REQUIREDDESIGNOUTDOORQUALAT -80.0 dBm: 50% ( corresp. margin -6.7 dB)
WORST LINK BUDGET: 134.4 dB PREDICTIONMARGIN: 9.0 dB ( resulting qual. 95.3%)
OUTDOOR MINIMUM FIELD: -80.0 dBm (62.3 dBµV/m) PRED. THRESHOLD: -71.0 dBm

Diversity
10
5
0
1
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30

Diversity
10
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Cellular Principles
Theoretical Cells
5-19
Calculated Coverage (Bisectorial Site)
1 cell 1 site

Calculated Coverage (Trisectorial Site)
1 Cell
1 site

Accurate Terrain Database

Calculated Cell Coverage (Trisectorial Site)

Calculated Network Coverage

Site Calculation
Area to cover : 100 km²

• Assumptions 1
- Antenna Height = 25 m
- Quality of coverage = 95 % 165 sites
- Indoor Penetration = 15 dB (0.6 Km²)
• Assumptions 2
- Antenna Height = 20 m
- Quality of coverage = 98 %
410 sites
(0.25 Km²)
- Indoor Penetration = 18 dB

Quality of Service
Operator Dependent Formula
(NORTEL VALUE)
QoS = 100 - [ P1(50) x Call Drop Ratio +

P2(10) x Call Establishment Failure Ratio +
P3(10) x Traffic Channel allocation Failure Ratio +
P4(10) x Signaling Channel allocation Failure Ratio +
P5(10) x Incoming intra BSC Hand Over Failure Ratio +
P6(10) x Incoming inter BSC Hand Over Failure Ratio ]

Calculated Cell Coverage
P
1
P’

Cochannel Interference
Power Wanted signal

Power
Interfering signal
Frequency
f1
Frequency
f1
Power
combined
signal
The two signals are
superimposed
Frequency
f1
Interferer Limits
LEVEL AXIS
Ia2 (+41dB)
C (0 dB)
Ia1 (+9dB)
Ic (-9dB)
F1 + 200 kHz + 400 kHz FREQUENCY AXIS

The Frequency Reuse Distance
Reuse distance D
Frequency Frequency
Group A1 Group A1
Other Other
frequencies frequencies
Wanted signal
Interfering signal

Frequency Reuse Pattern
A4 C3 B3 A4 C3 B3 A4 C3
Trisectorial
Site B4 A1 C4 B4 A1 C4 B4
A2 C1 B1 A2 C1 B1 A2 C1
A3 C2 B2
Distance of B2 A3 C2 B2 4*3 Reuse
frequency reuse Pattern
A4 C3 B3 A4 C3 B3 A4 C3 of 12 cells
B4 A1 C4 B4
A1 C4 B4
A2 C1 B1 A2 C1 B1 A2 C1
B2 A3 C2 B2 A3 C2 B2

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Cellular Principles
Frequency Plan
5-32
Different Types of Cells
EXTENDED - CELL: CONCENTRIC - CELL:
macro cell with system coverage macro cell with system coverage
extension ( 120 km) for coasts... limitation inside another macro
MACRO - CELL:
antenna radiating ‘above’ roofs
---> Wide Coverage ( 35 km)
• High sensitivity to
interference
• Requires "secured"
Frequency reuse pattern
PICO-CELL:
MICRO-CELL: • High isolation from
Antenna inside building
---> Very small coverage Antenna ‘below’ the roofs interferences
---> small coverage • A few Frequencies
intensively reused

Calculated Cell Coverage (Microcell Site)

Cell Layering
Macrocell
Antenna
Macrocell
Umbrella cell
2 layers
model
Microcell
Antenna µ cell 1 Microcell
µ cell 2 Pedestrian
Slow speed
Fast speed vehicle after
vehicle direction change

Exercise
Considering this radio coverage, could you identify the topology of the
different areas?
20
20 20
40
20
100 60 60 60
20
100
100
20
60 100
100
20
20
20
Figures indicates Base Stations
Erlang capacity

Solution: Topology of Different Areas
20
20
20
40
20
100 60 60 60
20
100
100
20
60 100
100
Town 20
20
Suburb
Highway 20
Rural

Frequency Reuse Pattern
Exercise
A1 A1
C1 B1 A2 C1 B1 A2
A3 C2 B2 A3 C2 B2
C3 B3 A4 C3 B3
C4 B4

Cellular Principles

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Section 5

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-1

Provide an introduction to the concept

After completing this lesson you will be able to:

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-2

Average number of busy channels

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-4

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-5

PCM E1 (31 TS)/PCM T1 (24 TS)

LAPD TS Total PCM

S 11 5.86 2.93 14 2x1* 2x0 1 5 1 1

S 22 16.4 4.1 28 2x1 2x1 1 9 1 1

S 33 28 4.7 42 2x1 2x2 1 13 1 1

S 44 42 5.3 58 2x1 2x2 1 17 1 1

S 55 54.6 5.5 72 2x1 2x3 2 22 1 1

S 66 69.4 5.8 88 2x1 2x3 2 26 1 2

S 77 84.2 6.0 104 2x1 2x3 2 30 1 2

S 88 97.4 6.1 118 2x1 2x4 2 34 2 2

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-6

Total boards boards

S 111 8.79 2.93 21 3 x 1* 3x0 1 7 1 1

S 222 24.6 4.1 42 3x1 3x1 1 13 1 1

S 333 42 4.7 63 3x1 3x2 3 21 1 1

S 444 63 5.3 87 3x1 3x2 3 27 1 2

S 555 81.9 5.5 108 3x1 3x3 3 33 2 2

S 666 104.1 5.8 132 3x1 3x3 3 39 2 2

S 777 126.3 6.0 156 3x1 3x3 3 45 2 2

S 888 146.1 6.1 177 3x1 3x4 3 51 2 3

Example of Field Strength Variation for GSM 1800

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-8

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-9

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PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-13

Sensitivity Body Loss 3 dB

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-15

SELECTEDENVIRONMENT CORRECTION: 3.0 dB

EQUIVALENT E.I.R.P: 54.4 dBm DESIGNMINIMUM FIELD: -80.0 dBm

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-16

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Area to cover : 100 km²

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-25

QoS = 100 - [ P1(50) x Call Drop Ratio +

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-26

PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-27

Power Wanted signal

F1 + 200 kHz + 400 kHz FREQUENCY AXIS

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