Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LANDFILL
SITE IN BARDAGHAT MUNICIPALITY
Prof. Murali Gopal Ranjitkar
Team Leader
Badri Maharjan and Maru Yogal
CONTENTS:
Background
Objective of the assignment
Methodology
Solid Waste Management in Bardaghat
Municipality
solid waste Quality and Quantity
Conceptual Planning on Integrated Solid Waste
Management System
Minimum Criteria for Solid Waste Management
Waste disposal and landfill design
Cost Estimation
BACKGROUND:
Merging Makar, Panchanagar
(2014), Jahada, Jamuniya,
Daunne Devi and Dhurkot
(2017)
Population 67,289 (2018,
projected from 2011 census and
New emerging town
Growing population
Solid Waste Management falls
under the jurisdiction of local
body
Solid Waste Management is one
of the major problem of local body
OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT
Prepare the detailed project report for the construction of landfill site
at the Bardaghat Municipality.
SCOPE OF ASSIGNMENT
Review and verify all available primary and secondary data related to
solid waste generation and management
Study the present development activities, urbanization trend, projection
of population, waste generation, collection and disposal etc.
Study natural land forms and resources that shall be affected by project
and identification and selection of land fill site.
Carry out all the required engineering survey and investigations such as
topographical surveys, geotechnical investigation, construction
materials, ground water identification, solid waste sampling and
analysis, as applicable to the sub projects.
SCOPE CONTD.
Work scheduling, surveys, detailed engineering
designs, estimation and preparation of complete
document on time.
Prepare detailed work plan and implementation
schedule and submit Bardaghat Municipality, Office of
the Municipal Executive
Prepare detailed drawings
Prepare tender documents and specification
Prepare a collection route and vehicle need assessment
Prepare institutional arrangement plan
METHODOLOGY:
Literature Review
Waste generation and composition survey
Consultation Meeting with relevant stakeholders
Field Verification
Detailed topographical survey
Detailed geotechnical survey
Data Analysis
Design and Cost estimation of Landfill site and
Facilities
Preparation of report and documents
CURRENT STATUS 1
EXISTING SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Total HH waste generation: about1 kg
Waste composition:
Waste Collection Coverage:
Ward No 4 only except Badhipitdit area
and only few areas of ward no.9
CURRENT STATUS 2EXISTING SWM PRACTICES
Since, Sabik Makar VDC and Panchanagar VDC, Bardaghat have been collecting waste
through Bardaghat Bazaar Committee and Panchanagar Bazaar Committee from
respective market areas.
Collection System
Door to door / Road side collection
Collection Equipment:
One tractor, Tipper
Collection Schedule:
Every morning
Open dumped inside nearby community forests namely Parijat Community forest and
Sansarkot Community forest
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Proper institution (structure and function) for solid waste
management is not setup in the Bardaghat Municipality
Lack of trained human resources as well as available human
resources are also inadequate
Lack of infrastructures and physical facilities required for solid
waste management,
Solid waste collection coverage limited to main market area only
Lack of knowledge and technical skill on 3R activities: limited to
use of organic kitchen waste as animal feed and manure making in
rural settings
Inadequate awareness and coordination among potential
stakeholders such as schools and other institutions
Open dumping of collected solid waste
Lack of monitoring and supervision, and enforcement mechanism.
Lack of information and database on solid waste
WASTE GENERATION SOURCE
Waste generation: 0.223 kg/capita/day; average 0.248kg/capita/day
including 1% increment with development of life standard
Estimated total household waste generation: 15.35 metric tons/day in 2018
23.71Metric Tons per day projected for 2037
Waste generation according to wards
3.50
3.00 2.93
2.50
2.00
1.46 1.40
1.50 1.37
1.22
1.15 1.09
1.00 0.88 0.87
0.69
0.59 0.60
0.50 0.36 0.29 0.30
0.16
4 9 10 1 2 7 13 14 3 5 6 8 11 12 15 16
Total waste Tons/day
COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE
Nearly 70.67 % of the waste generated in Bardaghat
Municipality is organic
Solid waste composition of Bardaghat Muncipality
9.11% 8.30%
1.69%
1.10%
1.92% 7.21%
70.67%
Solid waste is a mandatory service by SWM
ACT
Longterm Planning on SWM
Solid waste management is not only a
technical issue
People’s participation and community
mobilization
Waste as Resource
Polluters pay principle
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Integrated solid waste management refers to the strategic approach to
sustainable management of solid wastes covering all sources and all
aspects, covering generation, segregation, transfer, processing/treatment
focusing on 3R programs and final disposal at sanitary landfill site
Guiding principles following strategies proposed:
Source segregation and waste minimization,
Effective waste collection and transportation,
Waste processing and treatment,
Waste disposal,
People’s participation and community mobilization,
Institutional Setup.
THE MASTER PLAN ON ISWM
WASTE Minimization: Final Disposal
1. Source Segregation 1. Sanitary Landfill site along with
facilities
2. Promotion of 3R
activities 2. Septic Sludge treatment plant
Collection and Transportation Institutional Development
3. door to door collection 3. Establish a SWM Section/Unit
4. on time collection 4. Policy Development/ Bylaws
5. Route Optimization 5. Financial Management
6. Service area expansion 6. Human Resource Development
Waste Processing and People’s Participation
Treatment 7. Awareness Program
7. Biodegradable waste – 8. Mobilization of NGOs & CBOs
animal feeding /Compost 9. Communications
8. Recyclable – sorting and
storage
MINIMUM CRITERIA FOR SOLID
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT (ISWM)
Source segregation and minimization of waste at point of
generation
Zoning of the settlements
Zone A: densely populated commercial areas (ward number 4, 9 and
10)
Zone B: Adjoining to the densely populated Zone A which is mostly
residential areas having scattered commercial activities (ward no 1, 2,
7, 13 and 14)
Zone C: Settlement is scattered (ward no 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 16)
WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
ROUTE
Nearest from the Main Market, TNC Chowk (550 meters)
Loaded vehicles need not to climb any hill (avoid steep slope)
The route ends up at higher and flat ground appropriate for
waste segregation
The actual landfill lies below the flat area
ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLES
REQUIREMENT
•Tractor is of 2.5m3 capacity
•Taking the typical bulk density of mix solid waste is taken 350 kg/m 3 and
300 kg/m3 for inorganic waste.
•Ward 4 alone generates about 3 Metric Tons of solid waste daily,
necessitating 4 tractor trips/day.
•Since, the landfill is inside the municipality and just few kilometers
(about 5 km) from the market areas, taking 2 trips by each tractor, 2
tractors trailers are needed for collection of solid waste from wards with
market and commercial areas only
ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLES
REQUIREMENT No. of No of
Quantity of Waste Density of waste Capacity of one Assumed Tractor
Scenario Type of Waste Volume of waste (m3) trips Vehicle
(tons) ton/m3 tractor per trip (m3) Efficiency Capacity (m3)
require require
Total Waste from all
Scenario 1
wards all zones
15.35 0.35 43.86 2.5 100% 2.5 17.55 8.8
20% and 10% of
organic and
Scenario 2
recyclables are
11.10 0.35 31.71 2.5 100% 2.5 12.69 6.3
recovered at source
Zone A-Total Waste
from wards having 4.39 0.35 12.55 2.5 100% 2.5 5.02 2.5
commercial area
Zone B-Total
Inorganic waste
from wards with
1.52 0.3 5.07 2.5 100% 2.5 2.03 1.0
residential and
scattered
scenario 3 commercial area
Zone C-Total
Inorganic waste
from wards having 1.69 0.3 5.63 2.5 100% 2.5 2.25 1.1
scattered residential
area
Total waste
collection for 7.60 23.25 9.30 4.7
disposal
WASTE PROCESSING AND TREATMENT
Waste Characteristics
Organic In-organic
70.67% 29.33%
With successful implementation of source segregation and 3R programs the
recycling rate would be maximized and minimize the time and cost required
for separating the recyclables from mixed waste
Processing of Biodegradable waste
Livestock feeding
Composting
Processing of NonBiodegradable waste
PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION AND
COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
Active participation of all concerned stakeholders
including government institutions, local NGOs/CBOs,
business enterprises, waste management service
provider and local inhabitants
To encourage people’s participationcapacity building,
awareness raising programs and cleaning campaigns;
School awareness program should be launched
Intensive training packageSegregation of solid waste,
composting, vermicomposting
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Establishment of separate Solid Waste Management Section/Unit
with defined responsibilities to implement and supervise solid
waste management activities.
HRD programs would be designed to different target groups in
various sectors of solid waste management
Implementable Solid Waste Management Guidelines to be
prepared based on the provision of the Solid Waste Management
Act, 2011 for delivering effective services
Proper database management system on waste management needs
to be developed
Polluter’s Pay Principle would be adopted to ensure financial
sustainability of the entire solid waste management system
Public private partnership (PPP) Public private partnership (PPP)
conceptFavorable atmosphere for privatization to be developed by
encouraging local NGOs, CBOs and private sectors to participate in
solid waste management activities by introducing private sector
investment friendly policies i.e. incentives, subsidies, tax
exemption, soft loans etc.
WASTE DISPOSAL AND LANDFILL DESIGN
Isolating the waste from the surrounding environment until it becomes harmless
through biological, chemical and physical processes of nature to minimize exposure of
the detrimental effects of solid waste to humans and environment
Designed to manage nonbiodegradable, inert waste and other wastes that are not
suitable either for recycling or for biological process.
For operation point of view following facilities would be developed:
Waste Bordering Dam,
Liner facility (Compacted Clay Liner),
Leachate collection and treatment facility,
Landfill gas control facility,
Storm water drainage facilities in and around the site,
For management point of view following facilities would be developed:
A 2 roomed building with verandah and rest room facility to serve as guard house.
Service road(120m),
Environmental monitoring facilities,
Leachate pond and pumping house,
Waste reception, sorting and recyclable storage facility propose for future
Composting facility proposed for future.
WASTE DISPOSAL AND LANDFILL DESIGN
Apart from this, common facilities necessary for supporting the above
mentioned facilities would be as follows:
Main entrance gate
Fencing around the sanitary landfill site,
Plantation around the sanitary landfill site,
Landfill Type:
Sanitary landfill site was designed for final disposal of
municipal solid waste and nonhazardous waste on the
Semiaerobic Landfill System.
engineering techniques was adopted
Solid waste is disposed of with controlled tipping and compacting layer by
layer with regular covering of waste surface,
Compacted Clay Liner would be laid at the bottom of the landfill for
controlling leachate,
Adequately sized perforated leachate collection pipes would be installed at
the bottom of the landfill mass for quick draining of leachate,
Appropriate landfill gas control system would be installed at appropriate
locations.
POPULATION PROJECTION AND WASTE
GENERATION FORECASTING
Population Projection of Bardaghat Muncipality
100000
90000
80000
70000
Population
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Year
ANNUAL WASTE GENERATION QUANTITY
PROJECTION OF LANDFILL WASTE
QUANTITY
CALCULATION OF MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY
Waste to landfill Volume of Waste in 20% cover Total volume Cumulative
(MT) landfill (m3) material (m3) need (m3) volume (m3)
Total Waste
Quantity Cumulative
Year Popn (MT/day) 70.48% waste /year 0.6MT/m3 20%
2017 67,289 0 - - - - - -
2018 68,164 15.35 10.82 3,949.29 6,582.15 1,316.43 7,898.58 7,898.58
2019 69,050 15.71 11.07 4,040.64 6,734.40 1,346.88 8,081.28 15,979.86
2020 69,947 16.07 11.33 4,134.10 6,890.16 1,378.03 8,268.20 24,248.06
2021 70,857 16.44 11.59 4,229.72 7,049.53 1,409.91 8,459.44 32,707.50
2022 71,778 16.82 11.86 4,327.55 7,212.59 1,442.52 8,655.11 41,362.61
2023 72,711 17.21 12.13 4,427.65 7,379.42 1,475.88 8,855.30 50,217.91
2024 73,656 17.61 12.41 4,530.06 7,550.10 1,510.02 9,060.12 59,278.03
2025 74,614 18.02 12.7 4,634.84 7,724.74 1,544.95 9,269.68 68,547.71
2026 75,584 18.43 12.99 4,742.05 7,903.41 1,580.68 9,484.09 78,031.80
2027 76,566 18.86 13.29 4,851.73 8,086.22 1,617.24 9,703.46 87,735.26
2028 77,562 19.3 13.6 4,963.95 8,273.25 1,654.65 9,927.90 97,663.16
2029 78,570 19.74 13.91 5,078.77 8,464.61 1,692.92 10,157.53 107,820.70
2030 79,591 20.2 14.24 5,196.24 8,660.40 1,732.08 10,392.48 118,213.17
2031 80,626 20.67 14.57 5,316.43 8,860.71 1,772.14 10,632.85 128,846.02
2032 81,674 21.15 14.9 5,439.40 9,065.66 1,813.13 10,878.79 139,724.82
2033 82,736 21.63 15.25 5,565.21 9,275.35 1,855.07 11,130.42 150,855.23
2034 83,812 22.13 15.6 5,693.93 9,489.89 1,897.98 11,387.86 162,243.10
2035 84,901 22.65 15.96 5,825.63 9,709.39 1,941.88 11,651.27 173,894.37
2036 86,005 23.17 16.33 5,960.38 9,933.97 1,986.79 11,920.76 185,815.13
2037 87,123 23.71 16.71 6,098.24 10,163.74 2,032.75 12,196.49 198,011.61
Average 16.04 11.3 4125.24 6875.4 1375.08 8250.48
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ON
NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE SITE
Landfill site is located at Ward No. 5 of the Bardaghat
Municipality, Nawalparasi District and is about 550 meters from
the main TCN Chock (Bardaghat Bus Park)
Between Sayapatri Community Forest and Parijat Community
Forest, Bardaghat, roughly 27.550176 N latitude, and 83.802764 E
longitudes
Average temperature : 30° C & 42° C during summer; 6° C to 17°
C during winter
Average annual rainfall estimated ranges from 2326 to 2375mm
Water table has been delineated at the depth of 3.003.5m
Groundwater flow: towards south direction from the proposed
landfill site
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ON NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE SITE
Coefficient of permeability: 3.841007cm/sec (very low
permeable)
Bearing capacity: the soil strata at the depth of 1.5m and
more below is safe for foundation design. The foundation
design can be done taking at least 10 tons/m2 for the
depth below 1.5m from the existing ground surface.
Subsurface geology at proposed Dam:
SANITARY LANDFILL LAYOUT PLAN
Total land acquired: 5.33
hectors
Necessary facilities:
Liner, drainage layer
Leachate collection system,
Landfill gas management system
and evaporation pond
Guard house,
Service road
Sorting and storage facility,
Cover material stocking area,
Storm water drainage facility
Entrance gate
Fencing and monitoring facilities
Landfill area is of 200,000 m3
capacity enough to
accommodate 20 years
WASTE BORDERING DAM
Functions of Waste Bordering Dam
Stores the designated landfill volume.
Prevents collapse of working face and
overflow of landfilled wastes.
Prevents discharge of leachate and
seepage from the landfill site.
Retains rainwater in the landfill site,
temporarily but safely.
Retains wastes safely during the landfill
operation as well as after completion.
7.3 m height, 1.5 m depth foundation.
The base of the dam is 4.0 m thick,
while the top is 1.6m.The waste
bordering dam is constructed at the
downstream of depression along the
edge of the plain land from East to
West of length about 49.23 m.
BASEMENT SEALING – LINER SYSTEM
High quality clay could be used as liner materials at the basement of the
landfillred clay is found 25 km away from along the Arun Khola.
Preparation of basement after excavating the top humus soil and compacting
the subsoil in proper line & slope (2%) to form a stable foundation as liner
basement with Dpr82%96%
Laying of 2 layers of compacted clay liner250 mm each over the prepared
basement,
Laying of a protective layer of geotextile over the geomembrane, and
Laying of a 300500 mm thick leachate drainage layer (river bed
shingle/pebble).
LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM
Drainage layer, networking of leachate collection pipes, inspection manholes, leachate
collection pond and removal system
Perforated Hume Pipe of diameter 300 mm and of medium gradeNP3 was selected for
this purpose. The pipes would be perforated in upper 2/3 part with circular holes of
10mm diameter and laid embedded in graded gravels/ boulders (as filter material)
centrally at the bottom of each landfill sloped both ways laterally at 4% slope towards it
LEACHATE TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL
LANDFILL GAS CONTROL AND
MANAGEMENT
LANDFILL GAS CONTROL AND
MANAGEMENT
SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT
SERVICE ROAD
TCN Chowk, parallel to the East Width of 7 m will be of 120 m
Waste Highway is about 500 length. The inward side of the
meters to the landfill site, with landfill is with 45degree
additional 120 meters around the slope,
landfill area
SITE INFRASTRUCTURES AND FACILITIES
PHOTO GALLARY
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