Mechanism of Energy

Metabolism
Aty Rimadana
Roro Anggraini
Sri Mutmainah
PBB 2015
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Insulin

• A polypeptide hormone
• Produced by Beta Cells of islest of Langerhands
Glucagon

• Glucagon is single polypeptide chain hormone

• Secreted by Alfa Cells of islest of Langerhands of
pancreas
Insulin Mechanism of
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Insulin and Glucagon Mechanism of
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Hormonal Regulation on
Lipid Metabolism
 Insulin

• Activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Stimulates

production of free fatty acids from acetyl CoA.
• Activation of lipoprotein lipase (increases
breakdown of triacylglycerol in the circulation).
Fatty acids are then taken up by adipocytes, and
triacylglycerol is made and stored in the cell.

lipoprotein
lipase
 Glucocorticoids
The effect of glucocorticoids on lipid metabolism:
1. promote the absorption of lipids inintestine;
2. activate lipolisis;
3. activate the conversion of fatty acids in
carbohydrates.
 Growth Hormone (GH or
somatotropin)
• GH produced by somatotropic cells of the anterior lobe
• Stimulates most cells, but target bone and skeletal muscle

• Stimulates the liver and other tissues to secrete insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-
I or somatomedin)
• IGF-I stimulates proliferation of chondrocytes (cartilage cells), resulting in bone
growth.
• GH stimulates cell growth, replication, and protein synthesis through release of
IGF-I.

• Direct action promotes lipolysis to encourage the use of fats for fuel and inhibits
glucose uptake
• Antagonistic hypothalamic hormones regulate GH
• Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH release
• Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin ) inhibits GH release
Efek terhadap metabolisme lemak:
• Meningkatkan sintesis hormon sensitive lipase
 meningkatkan lipolisis & ketogenesis
Hormonal Regulation on
Protein Metabolism
 Glucocorticoids
The effect of glucocorticoids on protein metabolism:
1. stimulate the catabolic processes (protein
decomposition) in connective, lymphoid and
muscle tissues and activate the processes of
protein synthesis in liver;
2. stimulate the activity of aminotransferases;
3. activate the synthesis of urea.
 Glucagon
• A 29-amino-acid polypeptide hormone
• Also produced in the pancreas
 Specifically, the α cells of the islets of Langerhans
• Secretion is promoted by decreased blood glucose levels
• Its major target is the liver, where it promotes:
• Glycogenolysis – the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
• Gluconeogenesis – synthesis of glucose from lactic acid
and noncarbohydrates
• Release of glucose to the blood from liver cells
• Principle action: mobilization of stored energy
Mechanism of action for glucagon
Hormone Regulation on Metabolism
Patophysiology
Diabetes Mellitus ketogenesis
Ketogenesis ketoacidosis
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

• Juvenile onset (happens during

childhood/puberty/<20 y.o)
• Common form 5-10% of diagnosed diabetic
• β cells are destroyed, eliminating the production of
insulin
• Autoimmunity
• Ketoacidosis common
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Mature onset (happens commonly over 35 y.o)

• 90-95% of diagnosed diabetic
• Inability β cells to produce appropriate quantities
of insulin; insulin resistence
• Highly correlate to obesity
Obesity