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CHAPTER 6: DRYING
kg H 2O pA kg mol H 2O 18.02 kg H 2O 1
H
kg dry air P pA kg mol air kg mol H 2O 28.97 kg air / kg mol air
18.02 pA
H
28.97 P pA
Humidity saturation, Hs
• Air is said to be saturated with water vapour at a given temperature
and pressure if its humidity is a maximum under these conditions.
Under conditions of saturation, the partial pressure of the water
vapour in the air is equal to the saturation vapour pressure of water
at that temperature.
18.02 p AS
HS
28.97 P pAS
• The total pressure of a gaseous mixture (P), such as air and water
vapour, is made up from the sum of the pressures of its
constituents, which are called the partial pressures.
• Each partial pressure arises from the molecular concentration of
the constituent and the pressure exerted.
Humidity (%)
• Percentage humidity
H
H P 100
HS
• Percentage relative humidity
pA
H R 100
pAS
Example 1
The air in a room at 26.7 0C and a pressure of
101.325 kPa and contains water vapor with partial
pressure pA = 2.76 kPa.
H R 100
pA = 78.9%
pAS
Interpolation formula
For example:
Temperature from experiment: 45oC (not stated in data book)
LS X LS dX
R
A t A dt
d: thickness
4d 2 8( X c X e D: diffusion coefficient of water
t 2 ln 2 Xc: critical moisture content
D ( X m X e Xe: equilibrium moisture content
Xm: average moisture content
Mass transfer (Convective)
• First water to evaporate is the next to the gas moving across
the surface of the wet solids
• After an initial warming up period, rate of movement of water
rapid enough that surface remains saturated, drying rate
remains constant for a period of time called constant drying
period
• At this period, mass transfer is limited by a gas boundary layer
at the surface of the solids.
Mass transfer (Convective)
• Mass transfer of water being evaporated at the solid surface
by gas flowing past the surface can be defined in terms of a
mass transfer coefficient, kG:
q N w q: heat flux
λ:heat of vaporization of water
Mass transfer (Convective)
• Combining both equations:
h(T Ts )
Nw
Answer:
• Ts: 230C
• Molar flux of water: 0.38 kg-mol/m2.h
Example 3
A nonporous wet cake of biological solids that is 0.5 cm
thick is to be dried by blowing dry air across the top
surface. The initial moisture content is 70 wt% water,
and it is desired to dry the cake to a water content of
5wt%. The diffusion coefficient of water in the cake has
been estimated to be 7x10-6 cm2/s. Estimate how long
the drying will take.
• The initial water content = Xc
• Drying by dry air, Xe=0
• Desired water content=Xm
70
Xc 2.333 g water/ g dry solids
30
5
Xm 0.053 g water/ g dry solids
95