4G-LONG TERM

EVOLUTION

Hana Hani
Omar Nabil
1 Omar Hesham
Youssef Essam
Ahmed Ali
Karim Ahmed
2
 Fast

Better Efficient
quality

4G
Person
alized
Intelli
services gent

More
Band 3

width
MEETING PEOPLE’S DEMAND IS JUST THE START OF
THE STORY!

Communication so far is mostly about people speaking

to people.

The future of Communication will be about all kind of

things speaking to each other through the internet.
This is commonly called
“The internet of things”.
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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
5
OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
6
I. HISTORY OF WIRELESS GENERATIONS

7
 HEIRARCHY

1G

2G

8 3G

4G
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10
HISTORY OF WIRELESS GENERATIONS

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
12
 II. LIMITATIONS OF 3G
AND DRIVERS FOR 4G

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 LIMITATIONS OF 3G AND DRIVERS
FOR 4G

• Extension to higher data rates .

• Cannot provide differentiated QoS.
• Limitation of 2GHz Bandwidth.

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
15
 III. KEY 4G
TECHNOLOGIES

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OFDMA (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or
OFDM is a modulation format that is being used
for many of the latest wireless and
telecommunications standards.

 Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by

assigning subsets of closely spaced subcarriers to
individual users.

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OFDMA (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)
 In modulation, Transmitted signals must be
spaced.
 The receiver can separate them using a filter and
there must be a guard band between them.

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OFDMA (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)
 In OFDM the sidebands from each carrier
overlap.
 However, no interference occurs because they
are orthogonal to each another.
 At the peak of each spectrum, the power in all
other subcarriers is zero.

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OFDMA (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

 Advantages of OFDMA:

1. Its robustness to selective and multipath fading;

Since the carriers are closely spaced.

2. Spectrum efficiency: The closed spaced sub-

carriers make efficient use of the bandwidth.

3. Resilience to Intersymbol Interference ISI : Due

to the use of low data rates. 20
OFDMA (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

 Disadvantages of OFDMA:

1. More sensitive to carrier offset and drift than

the single carrier modulation systems.

2. High peak to average power ratio.

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
22
 SDR (SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO)
 A software defined radio is one that can be
configured to any radio or frequency standard
through the use of software.

 A SDR will allow to increase network capacity at

specific time (e.g. during a sports event) and the
operator can reconfigure its network by adding
several modems at a given Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)

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 SDR (SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO)

 Adaptive Radio:

Adaptive radio is radio in which communications

systems have a means of monitoring their own
performance and modifying their operating
parameters to improve this performance

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 SDR (SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO)

 Cognitive Radio:

Cognitive radio is radio in which communication

systems are aware of their internal state and
environment, such as location and utilization on
RF frequency spectrum at that location. They can
make decisions about their radio operating
behaviour by mapping that information against
predefined objectives.
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 SDR (SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO)

 Intelligent Radio:

Intelligent radio is cognitive radio that is capable of

machine learning. This allows the cognitive radio
to improve the ways in which it adapts to changes
in performance and environment to better serve
the needs of the end user.

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 SDR (SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO)

Venn diagram illustrating relationship between

associated advanced wireless technologies

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 SDR (SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO)
 Advantages:

 Greatly increase the spectrum efficiency

 Mostly ensure the highest data-rate to the wireless
terminal
 Best share the network resources and channel utilization
 Optimally manage the service quality and multimedia
applications.

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
29
 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT)
 4G uses a technology called MIMO "Multiple in
Multiple Out" where multiple antennas are used
at both the source (transmitter) and the
destination (receiver) to deliver super-fast
speeds and to minimize errors .

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 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT)
 LTE MIMO Modes

1) Single ended : There is a number of different MIMO

configurations or formats that can be used. These are termed
SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. These different MIMO formats
offer different advantages and disadvantages - these can used in
the most basic wireless systems that a signal could be
transmitted by one antenna to a single or multiple antennas.

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 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT)
 LTE MIMO Modes

2) Spatial multiplexing : requires MIMO antenna

configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high-rate signal
is split into multiple lower-rate streams and each stream
is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the
same frequency channel.

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 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT)
 LTE MIMO Modes

 Transmit diversity: This form of LTE MIMO scheme

utilizes the transmission of the same information stream
from multiple antennas

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 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT)
 Advantages:
 Improve the performance of the system.
 Enables far high data rates to be achieved.
 Much improved spectral efficiency.

 Disadvantages:
 MIMO adds complexity to the system in terms of
processing and the number of antennas required.

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
35
IV. QUALITY OF SERVICE

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

What?
 The performance of the system reflecting
transmitting quality and service availability

Why?
 Limited radiospectrum
 Network traffic has to be managed

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

What is the outcome?

 Guaranteed bit rate

 High speed throughput

 Priority service

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)
How is LTE QoS implemented?

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

User Plane Control Plane

Responsible for data traffic Performs control related

behaviour actions (MIP registration,
signalling, Admission control)

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)
As a conclusion, What is the benefit?

 Network traffic is solved.

 User is given good bandwidth, rate and no delay.

 Therefore, User service meats expectations.

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
42
V. BENEFITS

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BENEFITS
i.Advantages of 4G:
 Easy installation: easiest and simplest way to go
online
 Faster speed: 4 times faster than its predecessors

 Better signal: more reliable than others in the

market
 Wider coverage and better security: can cover up
to 30 miles or more and guarantees better
security
 Flexible package plans

 High capacity and low cost per bit 44

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BENEFITS
ii.Disadvantages of 4G
 limited connectivity :it would take time to be
available in major cities
 Initial glitches and bugs: since technology is new
these bugs will be annoying for the user
 Poorer battery lives of mobile services: as a result
of the use of multiple antennas

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
47
VI. APPLICATION

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APPLICATIONS
 Virtual Navigation

 Crisis Management

 Multimedia – video services

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OUTLINE
1. History of wireless generations.
2. Limitations of 3G and drivers to 4G.
3. 4G technologies.
 OFDMA
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
4. Quality of Service.
5. Benefits.
6. Applications.
7. Company Visit
50
 VII. COMPANY VISIT
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COMPANY VISIT

 The different wireless generations:

 2G (GSM) is the bus and 3G ( UMTS) is the supermarket !

 At each release the data rate increases. In Orange they
work with Release 7 voice + data at downlink 42Mbps and
uplink 5.7Mbps.

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COMPANY VISIT

 The different wireless generations:

 But people are data hungry … LTE systems is the solution.

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COMPANY VISIT

 The different wireless generations:

 But people are data hungry … LTE systems is the solution.

 Bandwidth from 1.4 M to 20 Mbps.
Carrier aggregation: The band defines the throughput.
 Orange works with 10 Mbps , it gives throughput 75 Mbps.
 Average throughput of 4G is much better.
 Related technologies: 1-OFDMA
2-MIMO:a)Spatial multiplexing
b)Diversity
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COMPANY VISIT

 Implementation in Egypt:

 In Egypt we only have to adjust the antenna to operate in

the desired band.

 The service provider controls the operation band, so it can

be adjusted to support 4G ( or 3G and 4G together in order
not to lose the 3G users).

 The 4G implementation in Egypt was late for License and

Governmental reasons. However the equipment were
available two years ago. 55
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THIS EVOLUTION LET US WONDER WHAT
TECHNOLOGY STILL HAS TO OFFER IN THE
FUTURE ;

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-
technology-design/ofdm/ofdm-basics-tutorial.php
 http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/1234567
89/1184/1/4G%20Mobile%20Communication%20s
ystem.pdf
 http://www.mobilevce.com/sites/default/files/infos
tore/Visions.pdf

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