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DR HAIDIL
DM
BLOCK 3
OUTLINE
• Intro
• Classification of Polymers
• Stages of Polymerization
• Physical properties of polymers
• References
Intro and History
• The modern era’s use of dental
polymers began with natural rubber
for dentures.
• Vulcanized rubber,
a plant-derived
latex crosslinked with sulfur, was
introduced as a denture base
material in 1853.
• These materials offered advantages over the wood,
bone, ivory, and ceramics used at the time, but each
also had substantial drawbacks.
• This denture was flexible, allowed easy fabrication of
denture bases, & simulated the look of gingival tissue.
• the celluloid portion absorbed stains, gradually
became grossly discolored, developed odors, and was
flammable. Thus, substantial improvements in both
appearance & functional durability were still needed.
• During the 1890s, gutta-percha, a plant exudate
containing trans-polyisoprene, came into use for
temporary crowns and cavity fillings, permanent
restorations, and root canal (endodontic) filling
materials. Interestingly, gutta-percha,which is closely
related to natural latex rubber (cis-polyisoprene),
remains in wide use as an endodontic material to this
day
• During 20th century a wide variety of synthetic
elastomers—polysulfides, silicone rubber, polyethers,
• During the 1930s and 1940s, phenol-formaldehyde,
polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), vinyl acetate, and
other synthetic polymers were developed.
• 1936 : PMMA, as a heat-processed thermosetting
material.
• By 1940, PMMA was also being used to make inlays,
crowns, and fixed dental prostheses.
• Mid 1940s, room-temperature polymerizing
methacrylates became available - quickly adapted for
dentistry as self-curing prosthetic and restorative
resins (also known as cold- & chemical-curing resins
POLYMERS
• Polymers ---origin from Greek ‘polymeros’ ; poly
means many & meros means part.
• A long chain organic molecule consisting of many
repeating units called monomers or mers.
• Example: POLYBUTADIENE = (BUTADIENE+
BUTADIENE+......)n Where n=4,000
• very large molecules made when hundreds of
monomers join together to form long chains.
• complex and giant molecules usually with carbons
building the backbone, different from low molecular
weight compounds.
• The small individual repeating units : monomer
• Imagine that a monomer can be represented by the
letter A. Then a polymer made of that monomer
would have the structure:
A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
• This kind of polymer is known as HOMOPOLYMER
• In another kind of polymer, two different monomers
might be involved.
• If the letters A and B represent those monomers,
then the polymer could be represented as
A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A- B- A
• known as a COPOLYMER
ethylene propylene
Vinyl cholride ------ polyvinylchloride (PVC)
MMA------ PMMA
DNA
Monomer : Nucleotide
Polymer : Polynucleotide
CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYMERS
POLYMERS
Spatial Thermal
Origin
Structure Behaviour
1. ORIGIN
Polymerization
A. Addition B. Condensation
Polymerization Polymerization
A. ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
• Most dental resins are polymerized by a mech
which monomers add seq to the end of growing
chain
• Starts from active centre, adding one monomer to
rapidly growing chain.
• 2 basic types :
oOpening of carbon double bonds
oRing opening reaction
• Addition polymerization results in the formation of
large molecules without formation of by-products.
• No change in composition takes place
• The structure of the monomer is repeated many times
in the polymer,
• e.g. poly (ethylene), poly (acrylic acid),
poly(methacrylic acid) and poly (methylmethacrylate),
polyether
3 Stages
1. Initiation.
2. Propagation.
3. Termination.
1. Activation and initiation :
Other uses :
Vinyl acrylics- reliner.
Epoxy resins- die material.
Polyether- impression material.
Polysulphide
Silicone
Polycarbonates- temporary crown
Polyacrylic acid- GIC, denture base material