Islamic University - Gaza

Faculty of Post Gradate Studies

Environmental Management
Policies and Legislations
 Course Objectives
• Explore the national, regional and
international environmental laws and its
applications.
• Explores the numerous local and global
environmental problems and the legal
instruments and mechanisms in place to
address them.
• Present the International Conventions
2
 References
•Palestinian Laws

•Neighboring Countries Laws

•International Conventions,
Protocols and treaties

3
 What Is an Environmental Management System
(EMS)?
• An EMS is the combination of people, laws, legislations,
policies, procedures, review, and plans to help address
environmental issues.

An EMS is that part of an overall management system which

includes
• organizational structure,
• planning activities,
• responsibilities,
• practices,
• Procedures
• resources
• continual improvement, and awareness 4
 Purpose of an EMS

An EMS brings together the people,

Laws, policies, plans, review
mechanisms, and procedures

5
 Benefits of an EMS

• Helps maintain compliance

• Reduce operating costs
• Integrate environmental programs
• Reduce environmental impacts

6
 The EMS
Plan, Do, Check, Act Cycle
(e.g., ISO 14001)
Environmental
Management Legal and Institutional
Review Framework

Checking/ Continuous Planning

Corrective Actions Improvement
• Measurement and Monitoring • Environmental Aspects
• EMS Nonconformance and • Compliance
Corrective Actions • Objectives and Targets
• Records
• EMS Audits • Environmental Mgmt.
Implementation Programs
• Roles and Responsibilities
• Training and Communication
• EMS Document Control
• Emergency Preparedness
and Response
7
Environmental Legal and Institutional
Framework
Legal Aspects
•Laws
•Bylaws
•Policies

Institutional aspects
•Institutional Structure
•Responsibilities
•Institutional Interface
 Types of law
• The Constitution
• Specialized Laws
• bylaws

9
 The law making process
– Drafting the law from the relevant ministry
– First reading at the legislative council
– Second reading (general debate)
– Committee Stage (detailed discussions)
– Report Stage (Report of committee, amendment)
– Third reading (vote on amendments)
– Legislative council approval
– Presidential Decree

10
The objectives of the Environmental law
1. Protection of the environment against all forms and types of
pollution;
2. Protection of Public health and welfare;
3. Insertion of the bases of environmental protection in social
and economic development plans; and encouragement of
sustainable development of vital resources in a manner that
preserves the rights of future generations;
4. Protection of bio-diversity and environmentally sensitive
areas, as well as improvement of environmentally harmed
areas;
5. Encouragement of collection and publication of environment-
related information to raise public awareness of environmental
problems.
11
 Environmental Policies
• Environmental policies are rules or
guidelines developed by governments to
regulate behavior of individuals,
corporations, and government agencies.

12
Six steps to making environmental policy

1 Identify Problems

• Requires curiosity, observation, awareness

13
Six steps to making environmental policy

2 Identify Specific causes of the

Problems

•Involves scientific research and

•Risk assessment = judging risks a problem poses
to health or the environment

14
Six steps to making environmental policy

3 Get Organized

• Organizations are more effective than

individuals
• But a motivated, informed individual can also
succeed

15
Six steps to making environmental policy

4 Invasion Solutions and set Goals

• Risk management = developing strategies

to minimize risk
• Involves social or political action

16
Six steps to making environmental policy

5 Cultivate access and influence

• Lobbying
• Political Support
• Public acceptance

17
Six steps to making environmental policy

6 Manage Development policy

• Prepare a draft law, containing solutions

• Following a law’s enactment
• Administrative agencies implement regulations
• Policymakers evaluate the policy’s successes or failures
• The judicial branch interprets the law
18
 International law

• International law arises from conventions or

treaties agreed to among nations.
• (e.g., Montreal Protocol to protect ozone layer)

• International law serve as the principal framework

for international co-operation and collaboration
between members of the international
community in their efforts to protect the local,
regional and global environment.

19
 History of the International law
• 1949 United Nations Conference on the
Conservation and Utilization of Resources
(UNCCUR).
• 1954, the General Assembly convened a major
Conference on the Conservation of the Living
Resources of the Sea, which led to the
conservation rules adopted in the 1958 Geneva
Conventions.

20
 History of the International law
• 1954, the International Maritime Organization
(IMO), the first global convention for the
prevention of oil pollution was adopted
• 1955, the General Assembly adopted the first
of a number of resolutions on the use of
atomic energy and the effects of atomic
radiation. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
calling on France to stop all atmospheric
nuclear tests

21
 History of the International law
• 1958 Convention on the High Seas which
committed contracting parties to preventing
oil pollution and the dumping of radioactive
wastes
• 1971 Ramsar Convention was the first
environment treaty to establish rules
addressing the conservation of a particular
type of ecosystem

22
 History of the International law
• 1972, shortly before the Stockholm Conference,
the Oslo Dumping Convention became the first
treaty to prohibit the dumping of a wide range of
hazardous substances at sea.

23
 History of the International law
1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment, held
in Stockholm attended by 114 states

• Establishing UNEP

• The Conference considered the impact of human

activities on the biosphere, including the effects of air
and water pollution, overgrazing, deforestation and
the drainage of wetlands,

• a Declaration containing twenty six Principles, and an

Action Plan containing 109 recommendations. 24
 History of the International law
• 1980 World Conservation Strategy was
prepared by IUCN, UNEP, WWF, UNESCO and
FAO.
• 1982 World Charter for Nature “Ten years
after the Stockholm Conference”, the UN
General Assembly adopted the World Charter
for Nature, which set forth ‘principles of
conservation by which all human conduct
affecting nature is to be guided and judged

25
 History of the International law
1987 The Brundtland Report and the Report of
the Legal Experts Group the World
Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED), chaired by Norwegian
Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, was
established in 1983 by the UN General
Assembly, and its report (the Brundtland
Report) was published in 1987.

26
 History of the International law
• 1991, the World Bank, UNEP and the UNDP
established the GEF to provide financial
resources to support Environmental projects.

27
 History of the International law
1992 Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro- Brazil
attended by 176 states.
• The Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development.
• Agenda 21
• Framework Convention on Climate Change
(INC/FCCC)
• The Rio Declaration develops general principles
of the international law of sustainable
development.
28
 History of the International law
• 2002 (Rio +10) World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) was held in
Johannesburg in September.

• The WSSD Plan of Implementation

29
 ‫اإلتفاقيات والمعاهدات والبروتوكوالت الدولية‬
‫اإلتفاقية الدولية لمنع تلوث البحر بالنفط (عام ‪1954‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تعديالت االتفاقية الدولية لمنع تلوث البحر بالنفط (عام ‪1954‬م) ‪ ،‬المعنية بإجراءات ناقالت النفط وتحديد حجمها‬ ‫•‬
‫(‪.)1971‬‬
‫اتفاقية انشاء هيئة لمكافحة الجراد الصحراوي في الشرق األدنى (عام ‪1965‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اتفاقية المبادئ التي تحكم نشاطات الدول فبما يختص باستكشاف واستخدام الفضاء الخارجي بما في ذلك القمر والكواكب‬ ‫•‬
‫األخرى (عام‪1967‬م)‪.‬‬
‫المعاهدة الدولية الخاصة بالمسئولية المدنية لألضرار الناتجة عن التلوث بالزيت (‪1969‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اتفاقية حظر تخزين ووضع األسلحة النووية ذات التدمير الشامل في قاع البحر أو المحيط وفي التربة التحتية لهما (عام‬ ‫•‬
‫‪1971‬م)‪.‬‬
‫إتفاقية حظر تطوير وإنتاج وتخزين األسلحة البكتيرية ( البيولوجية) والسامة (عام ‪1972‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اإلتفاقية الخاصة بحماية المعالم الحضارية العالمية والتراث الطبيعي (‪1972‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫إتفاقية منع التلوث البحري بإلقاء المخلفات والمواد األخرى (‪1972‬م) ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫المعاهدة الخاصة بالتجارة الدولية في األنواع المهددة باإلنقراض من مجموعات الحيوان والنباتات البرية (‪1973‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫المعاهدة الدولية لمنع التلوث الناتج عن السفن (‪1973‬م) والمعدل ببرتوكول عام ‪1978‬م ( ماربول ‪-‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪) MARPOL73/78‬‬
‫إتفاقية حفظ األنواع المتنقلة من الحيوانات المتوحشة (عام ‪.)1979‬‬ ‫•‬
‫معاهدة األمم المتحدة لقانون البحار (عام ‪1982‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫معاهدة فينا لحماية طبقة األزون (‪1985‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫اإلتفاقيات والمعاهدات والبروتوكوالت الدولية‬

‫إتفاقية ا‪R‬لمساعدة في حالة الحوادث النووية واإلشعاعية الطارئة (عام ‪1986‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫بروتوكول مونتلاير حول المواد المستنذفة لطبقة ا‪R‬ألوزون (عام ‪1987‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫إتفاقية بازل للتحكم بنقل النفايات الخطرة عبر الحدود والتخلص منها (عام ‪1989‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫المعاهدة الدول‪R‬ية لإلنقاذ ( عام‪1989‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تعديالت لندن (‪1990‬م) لبروتوكول مونتلاير ا‪R‬لمتعلق المواد المستنذفة لطبقة األوزون (‪1987‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اإلتفاقية المتعلقة بتطبيق الجزء ‪1994( xi‬م) من معاهدة األمم المتحدة لقانون البحار (عام ‪1982‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تعديالت كوبنهاجن (‪1992‬م) لبروتوكول مونتلاير حول المواد المستنذفة ل‪R‬طبقة األوزون (عام ‪1987‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫معاهدة األمم المتحدة اإلطارية للتغير المناخي(عام ‪1992‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫إنفاقية التنوع البيولوجي وبروتوكول قرطاجنة للسالمة ا‪R‬ألحيائية (‪1992‬م) ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫إتفاقية تحريم تطويروأنتاج وتخزين وإستخدام األسلحة ا‪R‬لكيماوية وتدميرها ( عام‪1993‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫إتفاقية األمم المتحدة لمكافحة التصحر (عام ‪1994‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫البروتوكول الخاص بإمتيازات السلطة الدوليه لقاع البحار وحصاناتها ( ‪1998‬م) ‪ ،‬و يتبع معاهدة األمم‬ ‫•‬
‫المتحدة لقانون البحار (عام ‪1982‬م)‪.‬‬
‫برتوكول كيوتو (‪1997‬م) التابع لمعاهدة األمم المتحدة اإلطارية للتغير المناخي(عام ‪1992‬م)‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫إتفاقية روتردام بشأن الموافقة المسبقة عن علم بمواد كيميائية معينة ومبيدا‪R‬ت وآفات خطرة للتجارة الدولية‬ ‫•‬
‫(‪1998‬م) ‪.‬‬
‫بروتوكول بازل بشأن المسؤولية والتعويض عن ال‪R‬تلوث الناجم عن نقل النفايات الخطرة والتخلص منها عبر‬ ‫•‬
‫الحدود (‪1999‬م)‬
‫تفاقية إستوكهولم بشأن الملوثات ال‪R‬عضوية الثابتة (‪2001‬م)‬ ‫•‬
 International Conventions
Atmosphere
Transboundary air pollution
1979 LRTAP Convention (and Protocols), Executive Body (meets
annually)

Ozone
1985 Vienna Convention,
1987 Montreal Protocol,

Climate change
992 Climate Change Convention
1997 Kyoto Protocol

32
 International Conventions
Oceans and seas
Dumping
1972 London Convention, consultative meetings (annually)

Pollution from ships

MARPOL 1973/78, IMO Assembly (annually)

Compensation and liability

1992 Oil Pollution Fund Convention, Assembly and Executive
Committee

33
 International Conventions
Freshwaters
• 1963 Rhine Convention, International
Commission
• 1992 Watercourses Convention

34
 International Conventions
Biological diversity
General
• 1979 Berne Convention1
• 1992 Biodiversity Convention and 2000 Biosafety Protocol,

Trade in endangered species

• 1973 CITES, conference of the parties

Wetlands
• 1971 Ramsar Convention

Whales
• 1946 International Whaling Convention,

• Migratory species
• 1979 Bonn Convention,

Fisheries
35
 International Conventions
Waste & Chemicals
• 1989 Basel Convention for Hazardous waste
• 1998 Chemicals Rotterdam Convention,
• 2001 POPs (persistent organic pollutants )
Stockholm Convention

36
 International Conventions
Environmental impact assessment,
accidents
• 1991 Espoo Convention,
• 1992 Industrial Accidents Convention,

37
 Other International Conventions

• Public participation
1998 Aarhus Convention

• War and environment

• 1977 ENMOD Convention on the Prohibition
of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
environmental Modification Techniques

38
 Treaties developed by UNEP
• 1985 Vienna Convention
• 1987 Montreal Protocol (Ozone),
• 1989 Basel Convention (Hazardous Waste),
• 1992 Biodiversity Convention,
• 1998 Chemicals Convention (with FAO)
• 2000 Biosafety Protocol,
• 2001 POPs Convention.

39
 International Institutions
• Security Council first foray into environmental affairs was in 1991
• UNEP, 1972
• UNDP, 1965
• International Law Commission, 1947
• UN Commission on Sustainable Development CSD, 1992.
• The UN Conference on Trade and
• Development (UNCTAD), 1964.
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• International Court of Justice ICJ
• Food and Agriculture Organization FAO, 1945
• United Nations Education and Scientific Organization (UNESCO),, 1945
• International Maritime Organization (IMO) 1948.
• International Labor Organization (ILO), 1919
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1947
• International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, 1947.
• World Health Organization, WHO, 1946
40
• International Atomic Energy Agency, (IAEA), 1956