Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Asst. Prof.
C.P Patel & F.H Shah Commerce College,
Anand
1. SUPPLY OF MONEY
• FINANCIAL STABILITY
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Objectives ACHIEVEMENTS
the standard of living
GDP 3.6% per year
Community and agriculture
development Evolution of good irrigation
system
Energy and irrigation
Communications and transport
improvement in
roads
Industry
civil aviation
Land rehabilitation
railways
Social services
Telegraphs
Target of GDP growth 2.1 per posts
year
manufacture of fertilizers
Achieved had been 3.6% per electrical equipment
year
Disadvantages
• development of only a few industries
• private industry had not developed
Second Five Year Plan
(1956-1961)
OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENTS
To increase by 25% the national
income 5 steel plants
To make the country more
industrialized
To increase employment a hydro-electric power project
opportunities so that every citizen
gets a job production of coal increased
Development of more railway lines
Mining and industry
Community and agriculture
development Land reform measures
Power and irrigation
Social services improved the living standards of the
Communications and transport people
Miscellaneous The large enterprises in seventeen
industries were nationalized
Disadvantages
eliminate the importation of consumer goods
high tariffs
Low quotas or banning some items
altogether
License were required for starting new
companies
This is when India got its License Raj, the
bureaucratic control over the economy
When a business was losing money the
Government would prevent them from
shutting down
Third Five Year Plan
(1961-1966)
ACHIEVEMENTS
OBJECTIVES Decentralization
More stress to agriculture Organizations formed
subsidies Panchayat
Sufficient help Zila Parishads
OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENTS
• to reform and restructure • Great advancement has
govts expenditure been made with regard to
agenda( defense became India's national income
one major expense) • considered as one of the
• To facilitated growth in emerging powers
exports • served as a stepping stone
• to alter the socio for the economic growth
economic structure of the • Food grains production
society increased
problems
• a gap was created between the people of the
rural areas and those of the urban areas.
• Due to recession, famine and drought, India
did not pay much heed to long term goals
Fifth Five Year Plan
1974 to1979
OBJECTIVES PROBLEMS
To reduce social, regional, and The international economy was
economic disparities in a trouble
To enhance agricultural Food, oil, and fertilizers where
productivity prices sky-rocketed
To check rural and urban Several inflationary pressures
unemployment ACHIEVEMENTS
To encourage self-employment Food grain production was above
Production support policies in the 118 million tons due to the
cottage industry sector improvement of infrastructural
To develop labor intensive facilities
technological improvements Bombay High had shot up the
commercial production of oil in
India
Problems faced
• The world economy was in a troublesome state
• This had a negative impact on the Indian
economy
• Prices in the energy and food sector
skyrocketed and as a consequence inflation
became inevitable
Sixth Five Year Plan
1980 to1985
OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENTS
To improve productivity level Speedy industrial development
To initiate modernization for
achieving economic and
Emphasis on the information
technological self-reliance technology sector
To control poverty and self sufficiency in food
unemployment science and technology also made
To develop indigenous energy a significant advance
sources and efficient energy usage several successful programs on
To promote improved quality of life improvement of public health
of the citizens
government in the Indian
To introduce Minimum Needs
healthcare sector
Program for the poor
To initiate Family Planning Government investments in the
Indian healthcare sector
Problems faced
• During this time the Prime Minister was Rajiv
Gandhi and hence industrial development was the
emphasis of this plan some opposed it specially the
communist groups, this slowed down the pace of
progress.
Seventh Five Year Plan
1985 to 1989
OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENTS
Anti-poverty program Social Justice
Improved facilities for education
to girls Removal of oppression of
The government undertook to increase the week
productivity of
Oilseeds,Fruits,Vegetables
Using modern technology
Pulses,cereals,Fish Agricultural development
Egg,Meat,milk. Anti-poverty programs
Communications Full supply of food,
Emergence of informatics, and clothing, and shelter
hooking up of
telecommunications with Increasing productivity of
computers small and large scale
Transport farmers
inland waterways, product
pipelines, civil aviation, coastal Making India an
shipping Independent Economy
Problems
• 1989-91 was a period of political instability in
India and hence no five year plan was
implemented
• In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign
exchange(Forex) reserves
Eighth Five Year Plan
1992 to1997
OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENTS
• Prioritize the specific sectors which
• Rise in the employment level
requires immediate investment • Poverty reduction
• To generate full scale employment • Self-reliance on domestic resources
• Promote social welfare measures like
improved healthcare, sanitation, • Self-sufficiency in
communication and provision for agricultural production
extensive education facilities at all
levels • GDP Growth Per Annum
• To check the increasing population 5.6
growth by creating mass awareness
programs
• To encourage growth and diversification
of agriculture
• To strengthen the infrastructural
facilities
• To place greater emphasis on role of
private initiative in the development of
the industrial sector
Ninth Five Year Plan
1997 to 2002
OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENTS
to prioritize rural development • A combined effort of public,
to generate adequate employment private, and all levels of
opportunities government
to stabilize the prices • ensured the growth of India's
to ensure food and nutritional economy.
security
to provide for the basic • Service sector showed fast growth
infrastructural facilities like rate
education for all, safe drinking
water, primary health care,
transport, energy
to check the growing population
increase
to encourage social issues like
women empowerment
to create a liberal market for
increase in private investments
Tenth Five Year Plan
(2002-2007)
OBJECTIVES
To transform the country into the fastest growing economy of the world
targets an annual economic growth of 10%
Human and social development
The social net
Industry and services:
Industry,Minerals,Energy,Information technology,Tourism,Real
estate,Construction,Internal trade
Forests and environment
Science and technology
Special area programs
OBJECTIVES
• Income & Poverty
• Education
• Health
• Women and Children
• Infrastructure
• Environment
Twelfth Plan Strategy
• There are Short Term and Medium Term Challenges
• Increase in
• Industrial licensing unemployment.
• Increase the foreign
investment. • Loss to domestic units.
• Increase the foreign • Increase dependence on
exchange reserve. foreign nations
• Increase in consumption
and Control over price. • Unbalanced development
• Check on corruption.
• Reduction in dependence on
external commercial
borrowings
61
Privatization
Privatization means transfer of ownership and/or management of an
enterprise from the public sector to the private sector .It also means the
withdrawal of the state from an industry or sector partially or fully.
Privatization is opening up of an industry that has been reserved for
public sector to the private sector.
Privatization means replacing government monopolies with the
competitive pressures of the marketplace to encourage efficiency,
quality and innovation in the delivery of goods and services.
NEED
Though the PSUs have contributed heavily to develop the industrial base of the
country, they continue, even today, to suffer from a number of shortcomings which
are identified below very briefly :-
• A sizable number of PSUs have been incurring and reporting losses on a continual
basis. Consequently, a large number of PSUs have already been referred of loss
giving units;
• Multiplicity of authorities to whom the PSUs are accountable;
• Delay in implementation of projects leading to cost escalation and other
consequences; 62
• Ineffective and widespread inefficiency on management;
• With a view to provide opportunities for more and more
unemployed youths, more number of people, than required, were
recruited and therefore, many PSUs are over-staffed resulting in
lower labour productivity, bad industrial relations, etc.;
• A number of sick companies (40 companies) which were in the
private sector was taken over by public sector mainly to protect the
employees. These sick units are causing a big drain on the resources
of the state; etc.
Different Ways in privatization
• Liberalization Approach
• Relative Share Enlargement Approach
• Association of Private Sector Management Approach
• Transfer of Minority Equity Ownership Approach
• Transfer of Complete Ownership Approach
63
Advantages and disadvantages
65
Globalization
Globalization implies integration of the economy of the
country with the rest of the world economy and opening
up of the economy for foreign direct investment by
liberalizing the rules and regulations and by creating
favorable socio-economic and political climate for global
business.
According to IMF: -”The growing economic interdependence
of countries worldwide through increasing volume and
variety of cross border transaction in goods and services
and of international capital cash flows, and through the
more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.”
66
Features of Globalization
• Opening and planning to expand business throughout the
world.
• Erasing the difference between domestic market and foreign
market.
• Buying and selling goods and services from/to any
countries in the world.
• Locating the production and other physical facilities on a
consideration of the global business dynamics ,irrespective
of national consideration.
• Basing product development and production planning on the
global market consideration.
• Global sourcing of factor of production i.e. raw-material,
components , machinery, technology,finance etc. are
obtained from the best source anywhere in the world.
• Global orientation of organizational structure .and
management culture
67
Foreign market entry strategies
Exporting
Licensing/Franchising
Contract manufacturing
Management contract
Assembly operations
Fully owned manufacturing facilities
Joint venturing
Merger and acquisition
Strategic alliance
Countertrade
Negative effects of Globalization
• Loss of domestic industries
• Exploits Human resource
• Decline in income
• Unemployment
• Transfer of natural resources
• Lead to commercial and political colonism
• Widening gap between rich and poor
• Dominance of foreign institutions
Conclusion
Economic liberalization has increased the responsibility and role
of the private sector. At the same time, it has reduced the control
of the government on economy affairs. It is expected that the
reforms would liberalize the Indian economy enough to create a
conducive environment for rapid economic development.
69
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS
Law is an instrument of social justice of
the state that seeks to provide justice,
stability and security in the
society. .It assures uniform application of
the laws by regulating the behavior and
interactions of individuals against each
other. Law is the command of the
sovereign.. and it’s body of rules
recognized and enforced by courts of law.
Law is a rule relating to the actions of
human beings. .
Purpose of Law
• To maintain status quo in society ensuring
stability and security of social order, enable
individuals , maximum of freedom to assert
themselves and determine the sphere within
which the existence and activity of each
individual will be secure and free
Sources of Law
• Formal sources- law derives its force and validity from
the time immemorial
Legal sources- statues , precedents, legislation
•
Historical sources- juristic writings, literary works,
commandments of the god
•
Legislations- Parliament, state assemblies
Negative effects of Globalization
• Loss of domestic industries
• Exploits Human resource
• Decline in income
• Unemployment
• Transfer of natural resources
• Lead to commercial and political colonism
• Widening gap between rich and poor
• Dominance of foreign institutions
Conclusion
Economic liberalization has increased the responsibility and role
of the private sector. At the same time, it has reduced the control
of the government on economy affairs. It is expected that the
reforms would liberalize the Indian economy enough to create a
conducive environment for rapid economic development.
73
Legal environment of business
1. Indian contract act 1872 11. Indian income tax act 961
2. Indian sale of goods act 1930 12. Central excise act 1944
3. Indian partnership act 1932 13. Security exchange board of India
4. Industrial dispute Act 1947 act 1992
5. Minimum wages act 1948 14. Banking regulation act 1949
6. Indian companies act 1956 15. Chartered accountant act 1949
7. Foreign exchange regulation act 16. Information technology act 2000
(FERA ) 1973 17. competition act 2002
8. Foreign exchange management act 18. right to information act 2005
1999 19. Micro, Small and Medium
9. Monopolies and restrictive trade Enterprises Development Act,2006
practice act 1969 20. Commissions for Protection of
10. Consumer protection act 1986 Child Rights Act,2005
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
• It refers to the legal systems obtaining in the country. It
refers to the rules and laws that regulate behavior of
individuals & organization.
• There are four basic legal systems prevailing around the
world:
1. Islamic law: It is derived from the interpretation of the
Quran and practiced in Muslim majority countries.
2. Common law: It is prevalent in countries which are
under British influence.
3. Civil or code law: It is derived from roman law,
practiced in German, non Marxist &non Islamic
countries.
4. Marxists law: It has takers in communists countries.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
• Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies
--1.habeas corpus, 2.mandamus,
3.prohibition, 4.quo warranto and 5.certiorari,
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
• Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—
• (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
• (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for
freedom;
• (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
• (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
• (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional
diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
• (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
• (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers
and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
• (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
• (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
• (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity
so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of Endeavour and achievement.
• National law is the law of the land. The constitution of India is the
supreme law of the nation. It provides the rights, duties, and the
liberties of the citizens. The laws made by the state exercising their
legislative powers under the constitution have to be in consonance
with those of the supreme law
• International law
While the national law is the law of a nation ,also known as municipal
law, International law is the law of nations. Where as International law
is the body of rules which are legally binding on states in their
intercourse with each other. International law is considered to be a
weak law because it is not founded on the sovereign authority
• International law has witnessed a great impetus in the present
scenario than ever before.1.Human rights and their violation2.filing of
pleadings, adducing evidence, oral arguments before International
court of justice, Hague (The de facto (de jure) capital of the
Netherlands) 3.contracts entered by transnational companies,
Intellectual property rights,4. issues like nuclear deals, poverty,
maritime, air, space laws, refugees problem, border disputes, bilateral
agreements, extradition treaties, UNO, Amnesty international,
UNESCO,WTO,W.B,IMF, Curbing terrorism, global peace. etc.,
Mercantile law
• Merchants have their separate courts called – courts
of piepoudrous (courts of Speedy justice) and the courts
were incident to fairs and market places.
The common law courts in England envying the
jurisdiction exercised by these non-official courts,
grappled it.
The source of mercantile law is LEX
MERCATORIA, (an unwritten law) consisted of only
the customs and usages or practices of the trade
Justice delivery system in India
• Supreme court
High court
Subordinate courts-----
• Civil courts-Metropolitan, City civil courts, Court of
small causes
Criminal courts-District, Sessions, Magistrate courts
Justice delivery system in India
Tribunals
Central administrative Tribunals
Industrial Tribunals
Labor Tribunals.
Consumer dispute redressal Tribunals
Civil Law & Criminal law
• It governs the litigation arising between individuals
over properties, monetary affairs, partnership, accident
cases etc,
The Nature of penalty is civil in nature. Liability to
compensate the affected party will be in the monetary
form
• In criminal cases, the government for violation or
injury to public rights files suits. The State takes
initiative to file the case. Criminal law governs cases
arising out of theft ,murder, cheating etc., The nature of
punishment is monetary and imprisonment, and capital
punishment in rare cases.
Competition Act 2002:
1) Post 1991 policy of Liberalization, Privatization and
Globalization introduced.
2) MRTP Act was found inadequate to meet the
challenges of a modern globalize economy.
3) Government of India in October 1999 appointed a
high level Committee on Competition Policy and Law
(the Raghavan Committee) to advise on the
competition law in consonance with international
developments.
COMPETITION ACT
2) The broad objectives of the Competition Act, as laid down in its preamble
are:
• "to prevent practices having adverse effect on competition, to promote
and sustain competition in markets, to protect the interest of the
consumers and to ensure freedom of trade carried on by other
participants in markets in India“
• The MRTP Act extends to the whole of India except the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. This law was enacted: