Distributed Database

Databases are distributed (DDBMS) when the storage devices are not all attached to a
common processing unit such as the CPU, but are spread across a network.
They come in different technology forms:

1. Peer network node data stores

allowing users to replicate and share files across a network leveraging peer-to-peer protocols
such as: BitTorrent, NNTP, Freenet, Mnet, etc. With names such as Storj, Sia, and Maidsafe,
these new platforms reward you with tokens if you offer up your spare hard-drive space to
other computer users in a global network of users.
2. Distributed SQL data warehouses
3. Distributed Ledgers (DL)
If immutable distributed ledgers become a reality, their audit and accounting divisions will
eventually become obsolete, with a huge human impact. At just under 40 percent of their
combined $127 billion in revenues, the firms’ audit and assurance divisions directly employ
around 300,000 people.
4. Hadoop
5. NewSQL
 ENCRYPTED DATABASE

1. Blockchain technology has been one of the major technological breakthroughs of this
century. Bitcoin, the first Blockchain application, allows a network of users to perform
transactions without requiring the trust of anyone on the network, or a third party.
Everything is encrypted, and nobody can tamper with the Blockchain without everyone else
noticing immediately.

2. Mediachain, like other players across various industries that are creating immutable,
decentralized repositories for non-financial information, has come up with an “off-chain”
solution to the data storage problem. It uses a hierarchy of verifiable cryptographic links to
organize the data in an efficient yet verifiable manner and then stores it across the Internet
using the IPFS file-management system, a new decentralized system for hosting Web sites
that spreads files out across multiple, participating computers.
 Fault Tolerance

1. The digital signatures and verifications make it difficult to envision a

scenario wherein a bad actor could cause fraud and introduce
problems that are costly to remove and resolve. The cryptographic
integrity of the whole pending transaction, as well as examination
by multiple nodes of the block chain architecture, protect against
threats and malevolent use of the technology.
2. Mediachain then provides free, open-source software with which
any user can search the database and that developers can use to
build new apps. The cryptography keeps the database tamper-proof
and reliable so long as people trust artists’ assertions about their
authorship—as is the case for most copyright claims.
 Block chain and corruption
Block chain technology emerged in the financial sector, enabling crypto currencies such as Bit
coin. While still being tested, its disruptive potential in the public sector cannot be overstated.

Pilots and proofs-of-concept are mushrooming, driven by a myriad of tech start-ups in a wide
variety of areas, such as identity management, property registration and diamond trafficking.

At its core, the problem blockchain technology seeks to address is the security and integrity of
data, in a world with increasing concerns about data privacy and declining trust in government.

It is a technology that allows us to record assets, transfer value and track transactions in a
decentralized manner, ensuring the transparency, integrity and traceability of data without a
central authority to authenticate the information.
 Problem OF Ownership
One problem is that the ownership of those ideas is very ambiguously defined and hard to
establish. And that means that the ability to extract value is not always fairly distributed. This is
particularly so in the realm of digital artistic or written content, where blogs, aggregator sites,
and social media platforms absorb most of the ad revenues generated around that content. But
it’s also true for professional artists whose earnings from revenue-sharing arrangements on
YouTube and other services are distributed under opaque, poorly defined terms. This too
presents an opportunity for blockchain technology, where innovators are toying with new
models of decentralized publishing to give content creators greater control over their output. A
core idea is that, just as blockchains can create unique, digital assets out of currency tokens and
hashed documents, they might also give the same quality to content, so that the “double-
spend” problem that Bitcoin solved might one day also be applied to, say, digital photos. From
that starting point, we may have the makings of a fairer system.
Facebook, which now has, staggeringly, 2 billion users. As legendary cybersecurity expert Bruce
Schneier has said, “Don’t make the mistake of thinking you’re Facebook’s customer, you’re not—
you’re the product.” Facebook takes the posts we upload, the media we share, the commentary
we make, and, most important, the followings we build, and packages all of that as a valuable,
curated audience to advertisers.
Facebook’s newsfeed isn’t just a sequential flow of posts, like that of Twitter; it’s the product of
a proprietary algorithm. Unknowingly, we all get fed a diet of information that affirms our
political views.
Both the audience for the content that we produce as Facebook subscribers and the content
that we see from others are dictated by the company’s secret algorithm. And who gets
compensated for our unknowing participation in all this social engineering? Not us. Not the
producers of the content. All the gains go to Facebook’s shareholders.

How do we track everything?

Undaunted, an unofficial alliance of technologists, entrepreneurs, artists, musicians, lawyers,
and disruption-wary music executives is now exploring a blockchain-led approach to the entire
enterprise of human expression. The essential idea is that by attaching metadata about the
artist, the date of creation, the title of the piece, and other details to the digital work and then
immutably registering it to a blockchain transaction, it’s possible to turn something that’s now
completely replicable and untraceable into a uniquely defined piece of property whose
journeys around the Internet can be followed and managed. That, hopefully, would empower
both creators of artistic works and those who consume them.
 EVERYONE’S A CREATOR

If the future foreseen by this book comes to pass, we’ll witness the biggest employment
shakeup the world has ever seen. And this time, the most vulnerable jobs are not the usual
suspects: the factory workers, the low-level clerks, or the retail store assistants. Now it’s the
accountants, the bankers, the portfolio managers, the insurers, the title officers, the escrow
agents, and the trustees—and, yes, even the lawyers. To be sure, the common refrain that
lawyers will be replaced by “smart contracts” is somewhat inaccurate since the terms of
agreements, the actual contracts themselves, will still need to be negotiated by human
beings. Nonetheless, the legal industry is also in for a huge shakeup. Lawyers who don’t
understand code are likely going to be valued far less than those who do. (One of the most
employable joint degrees to have will be a law-plus–computer science degree.) In any case,
you get the idea: the middle class is facing a tidal wave.
In The Age of Crypto currency, where we discussed former Bit coin developer Mike Hearn’s
vision of a car that was not only driverless but also ownerless. It wasn’t exactly socialism. But
the result was similarly one of a machine acting in full service of a community. In essence, the
car would be programmed via smart contracts and interactions with all sorts of other devices,
online marketplaces, and systems to run at the most optimal value for all, filling itself up on
gas at the best price and deciding when, based on the market, to make itself available and
when not.
 Examples OF Software Using Blockchain

Ujo is by no means the only startup exploring how blockchains can help players in the digital
content industry manage their businesses. The growing field includes Monegraph, which helps
artists build unique licensing businesses using blockchain-based assertions of their rights; Stem,
which uses smart contracts and time-stamped records of collaboration agreements to help band
members and other contributors to tracks automatically share royalty payments from YouTube
and other platforms; and dotBlockchain Music Project, which plans to introduce a unique codec
file with a “.bc” extension to contain a song’s blockchain-proven provenance data.
MEDIACHAIN USE OF BLOCKCHAIN- CLICK ON IT
Mediachain, like other players across various industries that are creating immutable,
decentralized repositories for non-financial information, has come up with an “off-chain”
solution to the data storage problem. It uses a hierarchy of verifiable cryptographic links to
organize the data in an efficient yet verifiable manner and then stores it across the Internet
using the IPFS file-management system, a new decentralized system for hosting Web sites
that spreads files out across multiple, participating computers. Mediachain then provides
free, open-source software with which any user can search the database and that developers
can use to build new apps. The cryptography keeps the database tamper-proof and reliable so
long as people trust artists’ assertions about their authorship—as is the case for most
copyright claims. It’s only when digital assets, or rights to those assets, need to be transferred
from one owner to another that a blockchain-like consensus mechanism is needed.
 A NEW CONSTITUTION FOR THE DIGITAL AGE
As these new online technologies are enabling borderless communities to operate
somewhat beyond the oversight of traditional, geographically defined governments, they
are also giving those governments new tools with which to exercise their power.
The future is going to be greatly influenced by the three great power centers of our day:
technology, finance, and government.

Though a major point of this book has been to show the possibilities presented by
Bitcoin and other manifestations of blockchain technology, we will be among the first to
admit that, as currently designed, they don’t hold all the answers. The experience so far
with Bitcoin itself has been one of narrowly concentrated wealth accumulation by the
earliest adopters and by a small group of three or four large mining pools that control
the bulk of the network’s computing power. A great deal of work needs to be done to
scale the technology for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other blockchain protocols in a way that
lives up to the decentralization imperative. But as we’ve sought to emphasize, Bitcoin
and the blockchain’s greatest contribution to the challenge of governance in the Internet
age has been to change our way of thinking about society’s problems.
Re-Decentralizing the Web

The first challenge we must address: fixing the Internet. There’s a concerted effort under way to
“re-decentralize” the Internet, to rearrange the hierarchy of how files and information are
hosted and shared on the Web so that Web site creators have more control over what is
published and where.

There are blockchain-based offerings looking to disintermediate the business of outsourced

storage and computing, for example, to break the expensive, wasteful, and environmentally
harmful dominance of corporate-owned data centers. With names such as Storj, Sia, and
Maidsafe, these new platforms reward you with tokens if you offer up your spare hard-drive
space to other computer users in a global network of users. You could say these “cloud” services
are much truer to that name than those of Amazon Web Services, Google, Dropbox, IBM,
Oracle, Microsoft, and Apple, the providers with which most people associate that word.

No one can know where all this ends up, just as the early architects of the Internet could not
imagine music streaming, VOIP phones, or e-marketplaces being built on top of their invention.
But it is safe to conclude that the Internet—and the broader economy with it—will look very
different and markedly less centralized in the years to come.
 Light bulbs Going Off in the Halls of Power
light bulbs are going off in some parts of officialdom. We’ve highlighted the research under way
at dozens of central banks. We’re hearing of pilots and exploratory investigations into block
chain applications by government agencies worldwide, not just in the big economies of the
United States, the European Union, Japan, and China, but also in countries as diverse as Dubai,
Georgia, Sweden, Estonia, Mexico, Singapore, and Luxembourg. In Japan, for example, the
Financial Services Agency put in anti–money laundering and capital requirements for bit coin
exchanges, and categorized bit coin and other digital currencies as a payments system—in
effect, it codified these currencies, giving them an official status within the traditional capital
markets. The effect was immediate: bit coin trading in Japan skyrocketed, a big part of 2017’s
price spikes, and myriad Japanese companies started accepting bit coin. Meanwhile, Block chain
startup Neocapita is working with Papua New Guinea and Afghanistan to record those
governments’ expenditures in a block chain in a bid to boost transparency, restore the
confidence of foreign donors, and unlock frozen aid money. At the international level, the IMF is
studying block chain technology, as is the World Bank.
 Bringing “Trustless” Software to Communities of Trust
Trust is integral to every transaction we make, including in bitcoin. When bitcoins are sent from
one person to another, we must still trust that the goods or services they’re promising in return
are delivered. We also have to trust that the computer or smartphone with which we are
sending those bitcoins, and the Wifi network, as well as the Internet Service Provider that’s
carrying the data, haven’t been compromised.
https://er.educause.edu/articles/2017/3/the-blockchain-revolution-and-higher-
education -- Link For The Below Data To Reefer From

OK, it’s not the most sonorous word ever, sounding more like a college football strategy
than a transformative technology. Yet, sonorous or not, the blockchain represents nothing
less than the second generation of the Internet, and it holds the potential to disrupt
money, business, government, and yes, higher education.

The opportunities for innovators in higher education fall into four categories:
Identity and Student Records: How we identify students; protect their privacy; measure,
record, and credential their accomplishments; and keep these records secure

New Pedagogy: How we customize teaching to each student and create new models of
learning

Costs (Student Debt): How we value and fund education and reward students for the
quality of their work

The Meta-University: How we design entirely new models of higher education so that
former MIT President Chuck Vest’s dream can become a reality1

The blockchain may help us change the relationships among colleges and universities and,
in turn, their relationship to society.