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MECHANICS IV
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
Introduction
Purpose
The purpose of this course is to enable the student to;
1. learn the concepts of shear stress, shear deflection and shear centre
2. familiarize with the theory behind struts (columns) and parameters involved in
their design.
3. analyze statically indeterminate beams and structures
Learning outcomes
At the end of this course, the student should be able to;
1. solve problems relating to columns and be able to design the same
2. analyze and design structures which are statically indeterminate
3. design simple plates and cells from a structural perspective
Course description
Shear stresses and deflection: Concepts of shear flow, horizontal and vertical shear
stresses. Shear stress distribution in thin walled cross-sections. Shear center of open thin
walled cross-sections. Shear deflection of beams using the slope and energy methods.
Total deflection of beams.
Shear stresses due to torsion: Shear stress due to torsion. Torsion of non-circular
sections. Shear stress distribution due to torsion of thin-walled non-circular closed cross-
section; single cell and multi-cell cross-section.
Struts: Stability, Critical load, Euler’s crippling load for struts with different end
constraints, struts with initial curvature, struts with eccentric loading and secant formula,
struts with transverse loading and empirical strut formulae. Beam columns; Rigorous
method and approximate engineering methods, modified methods of superposition
Course description
References
1. Benham P.P. and Crawford R.J. (1987) Mechanics of Engineering Materials, John
Wiley & Sons, Rev. Ed.
2. E. J. Hearn (1997) Mechanics of Materials part 2, 3rd Ed.
3. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology
Horizontal and Vertical Shear Stress
In addition to the bending (axial) stress which develops in a loaded
beam, there is also a shear stress which develops, including both a
Vertical Shear Stress, and a Horizontal (longitudinal) Shear Stress.
At any given point in the beam, the values of vertical shear stress and
the horizontal shear stress must be equal, at that point, for static
equilibrium.
Horizontal and Vertical Shear Stress
𝑉𝑄
- Horizontal Shear Stress (𝜏) = where
𝐼𝑏
Step 1: Out first step in solving this problem is to apply static equilibrium
conditions to determine the external support reactions. Two support forces will
support the load at the center equally with forces of 5000 lb. each as shown in
Diagram 2.
𝑉𝑄
We will now apply the Horizontal Shear Stress formula: Shear Stress ,
𝐼𝑏
maximum shear stress, occurs at the neutral axis of the beam:
V = maximum shear force = 5,000 ft-lb. (from the shear force diagram)
I = moment of inertia of cross section; for rectangle
I = (1/12) bd3 = 1/12 (2" * 4"3) = 10.67 in4.
b = width of beam section where we wish to find shear stress at; b= 2 in.
a = area from point we wish to find shear stress at (neutral axis) to an outer edge
of beam
a= (2" x 2")= 4 in2.
y' = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of the area "a" which we used; y'= 1
in. (See Diagram 4)
Placing the values into the equation, we find:
Maximum Horizontal Shear Stress = VQ/Ib = (5000 lb)*(4 in2)*(1 in)/ (10.67 in4)(2
in)= 937 lb/in2
Part II We now would also like to determine the Horizontal Shear Stress 3 inches
above the bottom of the beam at the position in the beam. We again apply the
Horizontal Shear Stress formula: Horizontal Shear Stress = VQ'/Ib
We wish to find the shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the beam cross section.
(See Diagram 5)
V = shear force = 5,000 ft-lb. (from the shear force diagram)
I = (1/12) bd3 = 1/12 (2" * 4"3) = 10.67 in4.
b = 2 in.
a = (2" x 1")= 2 in2.
y'= 1.5 in. (See Diagram 5)
Then the horizontal shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the beam is:
Horizontal Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib = (5000 lb)*(2 in2)*(1.5 in)/ (10.67
in4)(2 in)= 703 lb/in2
𝑉𝑄
𝜏=
𝐼𝑡
Shear flow
It is the gradient of a shear stress force throughout the
body
It represents the longitudinal force per unit length
transmitted across a section at a level y1 from the
neutral axis.
It is given by q = 𝜏t
Where q is the shear flow, t is beam thickness.
6 - 12
Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
6 - 13
Sample Problem 6.3
SOLUTION:
•For the shaded area,
Q 4.31in 0.770 in 4.815 in
15.98 in 3
VQ 50 kips 15.98 in 3
Knowing that the vertical shear is 50
kips in a W10x68 rolled-steel beam,
It
394 in 4 0.770 in
Shear center for thin-walled sections having only one axis of symmetry
Shear center of different cross- sections
My VQ
x ave
I It
My VQ
x ave
I It
6 - 19
Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members
•If the shear load is applied such that the beam
does not twist, then the shear stress distribution
satisfies
VQ D B E
ave V q ds F q ds q ds F
It B A D
6 - 20
Example 6.06
• Determine the shear stress distribution for
V = 2.5 kips.
q VQ
t It
• Shearing stresses in the flanges,
VQ V h Vh
st s
It It 2 2I
Vhb 6Vb
B
12
2 1 th2 6b h th6b h
62.5 kips 4 in
2.22 ksi
0.15 in 6 in 6 4 in 6 in
• Shearing stress in the web,
max
VQ V 8 ht 4b h 3V 4b h
1
It 1
12
th 6b h t 2th6b h
2
Shear flow
• Force equilibrium requires the
forces shown to be of equal
magnitude but opposite direction,
thus AtA = BtB
• This product is called shear flow q,
and can be expressed as
q = avgt
T
q = 2A
m
Angle of twist
Can be determined using energy methods
TL
= 4A 2G
m
O
ds
t ∫
29
IMPORTANT
• Shear flow q is a product of tube’s thickness and
average shear stress. This value is constant at all
points along tube’s x-section. Thus, largest average
shear stress occurs where tube’s thickness is
smallest
• Both shear flow and average shear stress act
tangent to wall of tube at all points in a direction to
contribute to resultant torque
30
EXAMPLE 5.16
Square aluminum tube as shown.
Determine average shear stress in the tube at point
A if it is subjected to a torque of 85 N·m. Also,
compute angle of twist due to this loading.
Take Gal = 26 GPa.
31
EXAMPLE
Angle of twist5.16 (SOLN)
TL
∫ds
= 4A 2G O t = ... = 0.196(10-4) mm-1 O∫ ds
m