THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATION

The exchange of gases between the

atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissues
 Respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation=“breathing”

• External respiration=occurs within the lungs

• Transport of respiratory gases=via the blood

• Internal respiration=occurs within the tissues

 REQUIREMENTS
• Gas exchange surfaces must be thin.

• Gas exchange surfaces must remain moist.

• Gas exchange surfaces must be large in

relation to the size of the organism.
 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
• Nose and nasal
cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tree
• Lungs
• Diaphragm
Nose
Nose
Pharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Larynx
Vocal Folds and Ligaments
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
Tracheal Anatomy
Tracheal Anatomy
Conducting Zones
Bronchial Tree
Lower Bronchial Tree
Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
Tissue Changes Summarized
– Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
– Simple columnar
– Cuboidal
– Smooth muscle
– Cartilage rings
– Cilia
– Simple squamous
The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
 Pressures
• Atmospheric pressure

• Alveolar pressure
(intrapulmonary pressure)

• Intrapleural pressure

• Boyle’s Law
– More volume=less pressure
– Less volume=more pressure
Thoracic Volume and Inspiration
Thoracic Volume and Expiration
Changes in Thoracic Volumes
 Factors Influencing Pulmonary
Ventilation

• Airway Resistance

• Surface Tension

• Lung Compliance
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Volumes and Capacities
Volumes and Capacities
 Dead Space
• Anatomical dead space

• Alveolar dead space

• Total dead space

Non-Respiratory Air Movements
 Regulation of Respiration
• Medullary respiratory
center
– Dorsal respiratory center
(DRC)
– Ventral respiratory center
(VRC)

• Pontine center
formerly called the
Pneumotaxic center

• Hypothalamus
Gas Transport
Basic Properties of Gases

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Partial Pressure and Gas Exchange
At the Lungs
At the Tissues
Factors Influencing Gas Transport
and Hemoglobin Saturation
Factors Influencing Gas Transport
and Hemoglobin Saturation
Factors Affecting Breathing
Rate and Depth
 Homeostatic Imbalances of the
Respiratory System
• Sinusitis • Emphysema
• Laryngitis • Chronic bronchitis
• Pleurisy • Asthma
• Atelectasis • Tuberculosis
• Pneumothorax • Cystic fibrosis
• Dyspnea • Pulmonary embolism
• Pneumonia • Sleep apnea
• Infant respiratory distress • Hypoxia
syndrome (IRDS)