Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language

Python is Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do

not need to compile your program before executing it.

Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with
the interpreter directly to write your programs.

Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique

Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginnerlevel

programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text
processing to WWW browsers to games.

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History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties

Python 1.0 was released in November 1994. In 2000, Python 2.0 was released.
Python 2.7.11 is the latest edition of Python 2

Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Python 3 is not backward compatible

with Python 2

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Python Features

Easy-to-learn: Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
Syntax

Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.

A broad standard library: Python's bulk of the library is very portable and crossplatform
compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh

Interactive Mode: Python has support for an interactive mode, which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code

Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the
same interface on all platforms.

Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

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Example
print ("Hello, Python!")

$python # Unix/Linux
or
python% # Unix/Linux
or
C:>python # Windows/DOS

Script Mode execution

C:>python script.py

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Python Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object.

Naming conventions for Python identifiers-

Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.

Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates that the identifier is private.

Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strong private identifier.

If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a language defined
special name

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Reserved words

reserved words cannot use them as constants or variables or any other identifier names

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Lines and Indentation
Python does not use braces({}) to indicate blocks of code for class and function definitions
or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation

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Quotation in Python
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals

The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines

Comments in Python
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal is the beginning of a comment

# First comment
print ("Hello, Python!") # second comment
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Command Line Arguments
Many programs can be run to provide you with some basic information about how they
should be run.

The Python sys module provides access to any command-line arguments via
the sys.argv. This serves two purposes-

sys.argv is the list of command-line arguments.

len(sys.argv) is the number of command-line arguments

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Example
import sys
print ('Number of arguments:', len(sys.argv), 'arguments.')
print ('Argument List:', str(sys.argv))

Running script file

python test.py arg1 arg2 arg3

Output

Number of arguments: 4 arguments.

Argument List: ['test.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3']

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Python 3 – Variable

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. It means that when
you create a variable, you reserve some space in the memory

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Multiple Assignment

Example
a= b = c = 1
Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all the three variables are assigned
to the same memory location

Example
a,b, c = 1, 2, "john"
Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to the variables a and b
respectively, and one string object with the value "john" is assigned to the variable c.

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Standard Data Types

Python has five standard data types-

Numbers
String
List
Tuple
Dictionary

Python Numbers
Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are created when you assign a
value to them.
For example
var1= 1
var2 = 10

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Python Strings
Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the quotation Marks

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Python Lists
A list contains items separated by commas and enclosed within square
brackets ([]). To some extent, lists are similar to arrays in C.

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Python Tuples
A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of
values separated by commas. Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within
parenthesis. Tuples are read-only lists

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Python Dictionary
Python's dictionaries are kind of hash-table type. They consit of key-value pairs

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Python 3 – Basic Operators

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators

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Decision-making
Decision-making is the anticipation of conditions occurring during the execution of a
program and specified actions taken according to the conditions.

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If Statement
If the boolean expression evaluates to TRUE, then the block of statement(s) inside the if
statement is executed

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IF...ELIF...ELSE Statements
An else statement can be combined with an if statement. An else statement contains a
block of code that executes if the conditional expression in the if statement resolves to 0
or a FALSE value

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The elif Statement
The elif statement allows you to check multiple expressions for TRUE and execute a block
of code as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to TRUE

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Nested IF Statements
There may be a situation when you want to check for another condition after a condition
resolves to true.

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Loop
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times

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while loop

While with else statement

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for Loop Statements

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Example

for i in range(1,11):
for j in range(1,11):
k=i*j
print (k, end=' ')
print()

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continue Statement
The continue statement in Python returns the control to the beginning of the current loop

pass Statement
It is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command
or code to execute

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Mathematical Functions

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Python string
Strings are amongst the most popular types in Python. We can create them simply by
enclosing characters in quotes. Python treats single quotes the same as double quotes

Accessing Strings

Updating Strings

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String Special Operators

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String capitalize() Method

String center() Method

str = "this is string example....wow!!!“

print ("str.center(40, 'a') : ", str.center(40, 'a'))

String count() Method

str="this is string example....wow!!!"

sub='i'
print ("str.count('i') : ", str.count(sub))

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String find() Method

str1 = "this is string example....wow!!!"

str2 = "exam";
print (str1.find(str2))
print (str1.find(str2, 10))
print (str1.find(str2, 40))

String islower() Method

str = "THIS is string example....wow!!!"

print (str.islower())
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.islower())

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String isnumeric() Method

#!/usr/bin/python3
str = "this2016"
print (str.isnumeric())
str = "23443434“
print (str.isnumeric())

String isupper() Method

str = "THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!"

print (str.isupper())
str = "THIS is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.isupper())

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String join() Method

s = "-"
seq = ("a", "b", "c“)
print (s.join( seq ))

String len() Method

str = "this is string example....wow!!!"

print ("Length of the string: ", len(str))

String lower() Method

str = "THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!"

print (str.lower())

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String replace() Method

str = "this is string example....wow!!! this is really string"

print (str.replace("is", "was"))

String title() Method

str = "this is string example....wow!!!"

print (str.title())

String upper() Method

str = "this is string example....wow!!!"

print ("str.upper : ",str.upper())

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Date & Time

>>>import time
>>> print (time.localtime())

Formated date
localtime = time.asctime( time.localtime(time.time()) )
print ("Local current time :", localtime)

Getting calendar for a month

import calendar
cal = calendar.month(2018, 6)
print ("Here is the calendar:")
print (cal)
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The time Module

Time asctime() Method

import time
t = time.localtime()
print ("asctime : ",time.asctime(t))

Time ctime() Method

import time
print ("ctime : ", time.ctime())

Time localtime() Method

import time
print ("time.localtime() :" , time.localtime())
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Function
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related
action. Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of
code reusing

def functionname( parameters ):

"function_docstring"
function_suite
return [expression]

def printme( str ):

print (str)
return
printme("This is first call to the user defined function!")
printme("Again second call to the same function")

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def changeme( mylist ):
print ("Values inside the function before change: ", mylist)
mylist[2]=50
print ("Values inside the function after change: ", mylist)
return
mylist = [10,20,30]
changeme( mylist )
print ("Values outside the function: ", mylist)

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Function Arguments
You can call a function by using the following types of formal arguments-
• Required arguments
• Keyword arguments
• Default arguments
• Variable-length arguments

Required arguments

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Keyword Arguments

Note that the order of parameters does not matter.

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Default Arguments

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The return Statement
The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression
to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None.

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Python anonymous function

In Python, anonymous function is a function that is defined without a name.

While normal functions are defined using the def keyword,
in Python anonymous functions are defined using the lambda keyword.
Hence, anonymous functions are also called lambda functions.
Use lambda functions when an anonymous function is required for a short period of time.

lambda arguments: expression

example
double = lambda x: x * 2
Print(double(5))

x = lambda a : a + 10
print(x(5))
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A lambda function with multiple aurguments:

x = lambda a, b, c : a + b + c
print(x(5, 6, 2))

Lambda function inside user defind function

def myfunc(n):
return lambda a : a * n

mydoubler = myfunc(2)

print(mydoubler(11))

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def myfunc(n):
return lambda a : a * n

mydoubler = myfunc(2)
mytripler = myfunc(3)

print(mydoubler(11))
print(mytripler(11))

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the most basic usage is to insert values into a string with the %s placeholder
insert values into a string with the %s placeholder

>>> uid = "sa"

>>> pwd = "secret“
>>> print pwd + " is not a good password for " + uid

>>>print "%s is not a good password for %s" % (pwd, uid)

print "Today's stock price: %f" % 50.4625

Todays stock price: 50.462500

print "Today's stock price: %.2f" % 50.4625

Todays stock price: 50.46

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Python Classes/Objects
Python is an object oriented programming language.
Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods.
A Class is like a "blueprint" for creating objects.

class MyClass:
var1=10

p1 =MyClass() #creating a object of class

print(p1.var1)

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Class with Function
class MyClass:
var1="Test"

def MyFunction(self):
print("inside function")

obj =MyClass()
obj.MyFunction()

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if we were to define another object with the "MyClass" class and then change the string
in the variable above:

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class Vehicle:
name = ""
kind = "car"
color = ""
value = 100.00
def description(self):
desc_str = "%s is a %s %s worth $%.2f." % (self.name, self.color, self.kind, self.value)
return desc_str

car1 = Vehicle()
car1.name = "Fer"
car1.color = "red"
car1.kind = "convertible"
car1.value = 60000.00
car2 = Vehicle()
car2.name = "Jump"
car2.color = "blue"
car2.kind = "van"
car2.value = 10000.00
print(car1.description())
print(car2.description())
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Sub Classes

class parentClass:
var1="i am var1"
var2="i am var2"

class childClass(parentClass):
pass

childobj =childClass()
print("value of var1",childobj.var1)
print("value of var2",childobj.var2)

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A constructor in python is a block of code similar to a method that's
called when an instance of an object is created

class MyClass:
def MyFunction(self):
print("hellow")

myObj =MyClass()
myObj.MyFunction()

class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
print("This is Constractor")
print("This also Print")

myObj =MyClass()
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What is a Module?
Consider a module to be the same as a code library.
A file containing a set of functions you want to include in your application.

def MyFunction():
print("My Function")

Save the file as mymodule.py

import mymodule
mymodule.MyFunction()

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Files I/O

Printing to the Screen

print ("Python is really a great language,", "isn't it")

The input Function

>>> x=input("something:")
something:10
>>> x

The open Function

Before you can read or write a file, you have to open it using Python's built-in
open() function.

file object = open(file_name [, access_mode][, buffering])

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The mkdir() Method

Inport os
os.mkdir("test")

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Reading and Writing Files

fo = open("foo.txt", "w")
fo.write( "Python is a great language.\nYeah its great!!\n")
fo.close()

# Open a file
fo = open("foo.txt", "r+")
str = fo.read(10)
print ("Read String is : ", str)
# Close opened file
fo.close()

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The rename() Method

import os
# Rename a file from test1.txt to test2.txt
os.rename( "test1.txt", "test2.txt" )

The remove() Method

import os
# Delete file test2.txt
os.remove("text2.txt")

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NumPy
NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python
it provides a high performance multidimensional array object,and tools working with these array

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