BASIC

Ultrasound
Training
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Ultrasound

ULTRASOUND BASICS
What is Ultrasound?
Ultrasound is the use of high
frequency sound waves transmitted
into and reflected back from body
soft tissues.
The amplitude of reflected energy is
proportional to the density
boundaries in the soft tissues.
Reflected energy is then
used to form an image for viewing.
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Ultrasound

Longitunal or Transversal?

Molecules vibrate back and Molecules vibrate perpendicular to

forth in the same direction in the direction in which the wave is
which the wave is travelling. travelling.

• Motion of a spring. • Bone, calcfied stones found in organs

such as gall bladder and kidney.
• Stone thrown into water.
Sound : Longitunal Wave
We need a medium to propagate sound
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Ultrasound

Sound Definition

Sound can be defined as a Sound Spectrum

mechanical wave motion occurring
in an elastic medium. 0Hz 15Hz 20KHz 1MHz 30MHz
The mechanics of movement occur Ultrasonic Diagnostic Acoustic
Subsonic Audible
as a result of molecular vibration. Cleaners Ultrasound Microscopy

The form of this movement is

cyclical fluctuations producing waves
of sound. Mainly used
Motion of sound waves occurs with
velocity and direction; this motion is High Resolution Ultra High
Low Resolution Abdominal, OB, Res
also called propagation. Encephalography Cardiac, Urology Ophthalmology

Appl. which need deep 1MHz 2MHz 12MHz 30MHz

penetration. Appl. which need high resolution.
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Ultrasound

Ultrasound Frequency
0Hz 15Hz 20KHz 1MHz 30MHz
Frequency is measured in Hertz units
as follows: Subsonic Audible
Ultrasonic
Cleaners
Diagnostic
Ultrasound
Acoustic
Microscopy

1 Hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second

1 Kilohertz (KHz) = 1,000

cycles per second High Resolution Ultra High
Low Resolution Abdominal, OB, Res
Encephalography Cardiac, Urology Ophthalmology
1 Megahertz (MHz) = 1,000,000
cycles per second
1MHz 2MHz 12MHz 30MHz
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Ultrasound

Frequency
A

C  f
t Celerity Vs Medium

Unit : Hz = one Cycle per second

Soprano: 80 to 1Khz
Conversation: M.: 100 to 160 Hz
F.: 200 to 320 Hz
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Ultrasound

Velocity of Sound
Material Velocity
(M/s) (mph)

Vacuum 0 0
Air 331 740
Fat 1450 3,224
Water (50C) 1540 3.444
Human Soft Tissue 1540 3,444
Brain 1541 3,447
Liver 1549 3,465
Kidney 1561 3,491
Blood 1570 3,512
Muscle 1585 3,546
Skill/Bone 4080 9.127
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Ultrasound

Excess Pressure

Under Pressure
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Ultrasound

Frequency and Wavelength

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Ultrasound

Sound Definition
Molecules move in an elastic By definition, sound is a
manner with distorting and mechanical wave motion in
restoring forces like springs. an elastic medium.
Sound cannot travel in a
vacuum; only in a medium MECHANICAL
where molecules occupy
space. WAVE
One usually relates audible
vibrations travelling through MOTION
the air.
However, a more general IN AN
definition which describes all
types of sound energy is ELASTIC
needed in the study of
ultrasound physics. MEDIUM
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Ultrasound

spring a compress

Spring a relax
b compress

Spring a spreads
b relax c compress

spring a shorts
b spreads c relax d compress

B is pushed to the left

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Ultrasound

Example Wavelength
Sin Wave Form
The velocity of propagation, and
frequency are related by the
wavelength () of sound.
Wavelength is defined as the distance Amplitude (dB)
between any two similar points between
sound waves.
For instance, the distance from one
compression to the next consecutive
compression is equal to one
wavelength.
Wave length is important in determining Period (Sec)
the resolution characteristics of an Wavelength ()
ultrasound beam. in millimeters
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Ultrasound

Example Wavelength
Frequency Wavelength
2,25 MHz 0,68 mm

3,5 MHz 0,44 mm

5,0 MHz 0,31 mm

10,0 MHz 0,15 mm

15,0 MHz 0,10 mm

20,0 MHz 0,08 mm

Based on velocity of 1540 m/Sec

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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound

Reverse Piezo-effect

Expansion
Compression

Polarity applied and mechanical deformation

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Ultrasound

Reverse Piezo effect (TX) and Piezo effect (RX)

Transmitter Receiver

Application in Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound

Parallel-scan-technology Sector-scan-technology Convex-scan-Technology

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Ultrasound

Types of Electronic TX

Endo
superficial Cardiac Abdo/Gyn Neonat
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Ultrasound

Types of Electronic TX

CW

TEE
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Ultrasound

GE Probe Name
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound
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Ultrasound