1.

Introduction

LECTURE NOTE-1 2.
3.
Chemistry of carbon
Types of organic

UNIT-1A 4.
compounds
Application of organic
compounds
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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is a chemistry of carbon compounds.

Example : methane, DNA, urea, DDT (insecticide), penicillin,

nicotine, aspirin etc..
But not all carbon compounds are organics. Example :

carbonate (CO32-; cyanide (CN-), bicarbonate (HCO3-),

carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
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 ORGANIC COMPOUND
SYNTHESIS
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon.
Initially, it was considered that carbon compounds can only be
synthesized in the nature’s laboratoty or in living organism such
as in plants and animals. Therefore, the chemist coined the name
“organic” for the compounds of carbon.
In 1815 AD, Swedish chemist J.J. Berzelius proposed “vital force
theory” to explain the origin of the organic compounds.
Vital force teory- “all organic compounds are formed within the
living organism, because their synthesis requires a vital force,
which can only be provided by the nature”.
In 1828, Frederich Wöhler discovered that urea - an organic
compound - could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an
inorganic compound).
i). Organic: if they originated in living or non-living matter, and
ii). Inorganic: if they came from "mineral" or non-living matter.

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WOHLER SYNTHESIS OF
UREA
Wöhler mixed silver cyanate and
ammonium chloride to produce solid silver
chloride and aqueous ammonium cyanate:

He then separated the mixture by filtration

and tried to purify the aqueous ammonium
cyanate by evaporating the water.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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NOT ALL CARBON
COMPOUNDS ARE
ORGANIC

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CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
The carbon family, Group 14 in the p-block, contains carbon (C), silicon (Si),
germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl). Each of these elements has
only two electrons in its outermost p orbital: each has the electron configuration ns2
np2.
The number of electron carbon have= 6, electronic configuration for:1s2, 2s2 2p2,
valence electrons in carbon=4, No. of electrons required for get stable
configuration=4,
Carbon have two unique properties for forming large number of compounds: (1)
Catenation properties (2) Tetravalency for forming stable covalent bonds.

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 Catenation: Catenation is the properties of the elements through
which the atoms of the same elements linked together to form big chain
with stable structure. Carbon can readily form covalent bond with
other atoms of carbon to give long chain compounds.
Carbon can form single bond, double bond, and triple bonds with
other carbon atoms to form chain.
Carbon-carbon covalent bonds are strong, even in long chain or in
ring or any other possible structure.

PROPERTIES OF Electronegativity of carbon atoms: Carbon (2.55), hydrogen (2.20)

Carbon have three allotropes: i) diamond ii) graphite iii) fullerene
CARBON Diamond lattice being a three dimensional network of carbon atoms
with sp3 hybrid orbital.
Graphite lattice planar network with sp2 hybrid orbital, each carbon
atom is attached with three other carbon atoms.
Fullerene lattice is mixed network of sp3 & sp2 hybrid orbital. In each
molecule around 60 carbon atoms are joined together.

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PERIODIC TABLE

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TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 2

Natural organic compounds: Synthetic organic compounds:

i) Carbohydrates: sugar used for short i) Plastic: for packaging, plastic bags, as a
term energy. substitute for glass.
ii) Lipids: fats and oils used for long term ii) Drug & molecules: to treat tropical
energy. diseases such as malaria, and other illness.
iii) Proteins & Enzymes: made up of amino iii) Pesticides: to kill houseflies and other
acids. insects.
iv) Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA contains iv) Dyes: give colour to the material.
genetic information.
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APPLICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds are frequently used in our daily life. The major application area are:
Polymers: polymer consist of long carbon chains and branches of molecules. Common polymers
we encounter everyday are organic molecules. Examples include nylon, acrylic, PVC,
polycarbonate, cellulose, and polyethylene.
Petrochemicals: are chemicals derived from crude oil or petroleum. Fractional distillation
separates the raw materials into organic compounds according to their different boiling points.
Product made from petrochemicals everyday, examples include, gasoline, plastics, detergent, dyes,
food additives, natural gas, and medicines.
Soaps and detergents: soap and detergent are two different examples of organic compounds.
Soap is emulsifier and detergent is petroleum products.
Perfume: fragrance comes from a flower or clothes, the molecules you smell and enjoy are an
example of organic molecules.
Cosmetics: the cosmetic industry is a lucrative sector of organic chemistry. Chemist examine
changes in the skin in response to metabolic and environmental factors, formulate products to
address skin problems and enhance beauty, and analyse how cosmetics interact with the skin and
other products.

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SLIDES END HERE FOR LECTURE
NOTE-1A

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