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Epidemiology overview
Riris Andono Ahmad
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Ebola
Classically speaking
• Epi = upon
• Demos = people
• Ology = science
• Epidemiology = the science which deals with what falls upon
people…..
• Bridge between biomedical, social and behavioralsciences
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A Modern Definition
Study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related diseases or
events in specified populations, including the study of the
determinants influencing such states, and the application of this
knowledge to control the healthproblem
(Porta M, Last J,Greenland S. A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2008)
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Epidemiological question
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Purpose of epidemiology
• Identify causes and risk factors ofdiseases
• Identify burden of diseases in given population
• Study the natural history of diseases and its’ prognosis
• Evaluate program intervention
• Provide evidence for public healthpolicies
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• PERSON
• PLACE
• TIME
• Age
• Gender
• Socio-economic status (education,
occupation, income)
• Marital status
• Ethnicity/race/genetic profile
• Behavior / habits
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Place (where ?)
• Geographically restricted or
widespread (outbreak, epidemic,
pandemic)? Off-shore (tsunami…)
• Climate effects (temperature,
humidity, combined effects..)
• Urban / sub-urban-squatter / rural
• Relation to environmental exposure
(water, food supply, etc)
• Multiple clusters or one?
Time (when ?)
• Changing or stable?
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History of epidemiology
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Modern Epidemiologicalstudy
DOLL & HILL (1950): Used a case-control design to describe and test the
association between smoking and lungcancer.
DAWBER et al. (1955): Used the cohort design to study risk factors for
cardiovascular disease in the Framingham HeartStudy.
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SAP
NO. TOPIK BAHASAN
1 Introduction on teaching methods: History and Evolution Epidemiology
2 Practical Application of Epidemiology
3 Dynamic of Disease Transmission and The Natural History of Disease
4 Measuring and Comparing DiseaseFrequency
T1 Measuring Disease Frequency : Part1
5 Source of Public HealthData
T2 Measuring Disease Frequency : Part2
6 Epidemiology Study Design : Introduction and Observational Design
7 Epidemiology Study Design : ExperimentalDesign
T3 Measuring Association
8 Epidemiology Approach toCausation
9 Bias and Confounding
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SAP
NO. TOPIK BAHASAN
T4 Bias, Confounding and Modification Effect : Part1
T5 Bias, Confounding and Modification Effect : Part2
10 Effect Measures Modification
11 Public Health Surveillance
T6 PH Surveillance and OutbreakInvestigation
12 Screening in Public HealthPractice
13 Epidemiology and Policy
T7 Public Health Screening
14 Ethical and Professionals Issuesin Epidemiology
T8 Effect and Impact Public HealthIntervention
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