DME 1302 – HEAT TRANSFER

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF STUDIES
Unit 1: Introduction and Basic
Concepts
Objectives
• Understand how thermodynamics and heat
transfer are related to each other
• Distinguish thermal energy from other forms of
energy, and heat transfer from other forms of
energy transfer
• Understand the basic mechanisms of heat
transfer
• Identify the mechanisms of heat transfer that
occur in practice
Thermodynamics And Heat Transfer
• Heat
▫ The form of energy that can be transferred from one
system to another as a result of temperature
difference.
• Thermodynamics
▫ Is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from one equilibrium
state to another.
• Heat transfer
▫ Deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfers as well as variation of temperature.
 Thermodynamics And Heat Transfer
• In thermodynamics,
▫ We deal with system in equilibrium i.e. to bring a
system from one equilibrium state to another
▫ How much heat is required is the main criteria in
thermodynamic analysis.
• In heat transfer analysis
▫ We evaluate the rate of which the change of state
occurs by calculating rate of heat transfer [J/s @ W].

Heat transfer theory combines thermodynamics and rate equations together (to
quantify the rate at which heat transfer occurs in terms of the degree of non-
equilibrium).
Purpose of the study of heat transfer

To estimate the rate of flow of energy as heat

through the boundary of a system under
study (both steady and transient conditions)

To determine the temperature field under

steady state and transient conditions
Application Areas of Heat Transfer
Engineering Heat Transfer
• Heat transfer equipment such as:
▫ heat exchanger,
▫ boilers,
▫ condensers,
▫ radiators,
▫ heaters,
▫ furnaces,
▫ refrigerators, and
▫ solar collectors
are design primarily on the basis of heat transfer
analysis.
Engineering Heat Transfer
• The heat transfer problems encountered in
practice can be considered in two groups:
▫ Rating problems; and
 Deal with the determination of the heat transfer rate
for an existing system at a specified temperature
difference
▫ Sizing problems
 Deal with the determination of the size of a system in
order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a
specified temperature difference.
Engineering Heat Transfer
• An engineering device or process can be studied either
experimentally (testing and taking measuring) or
analytically (by analysis or calculations).

• Experimental approach
▫ Has the advantage that we deal with the actual physical
system, and the desired quantity is determined by
measurement, within the limits of experimental error.
However, this approach is expensive, time consuming, and
often impractical.
• Analytical approach (including the numerical approach)
▫ Has the advantage that it is fast and inexpensive, but the
results obtained are subject to accuracy of the assumptions,
approximations, and idealizations made in the analysis.
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances

Heat and other forms of energy

• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as:
▫ Thermal
▫ Mechanical
▫ Kinetic
▫ Potential
▫ Electrical
▫ Magnetic
▫ Chemical
▫ Nuclear
• Their sum constitutes the total energy, E, (or e on
a unit mass basis) of a system.
• The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called
the internal energy of a system.
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances

Heat and other forms of energy

• Internal energy:
▫ May be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential
energies of the molecules.
• Sensible heat:
▫ The kinetic energy of the molecules.
• Latent heat:
▫ The internal energy associated with the phase of a
system.
• Chemical (bond) energy:
▫ The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds
in a molecule.
• Nuclear energy:
▫ The internal energy associated with the bonds within
the nucleus of the atom itself.
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances

Internal energy and enthalpy

Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances
Specific heats of gases, liquids, and solids
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances
Energy Transfer
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances

The first law of thermodynamics

cont.
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances

The first law of thermodynamics

Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances
Energy balance for closed system
(Fixed mass)
Review of thermodynamic concepts energy balances
Energy balance for steady-flow systems
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• Heat as the form of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference.
• A thermodynamic analysis is concerned with the
amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another.
• The science that deals with the determination of the
rates of such energy transfers is the heat transfer.
• The transfer of energy as heat is always from the
higher-temperature medium to the lower-
temperature one, and heat transfer stops when the
two mediums reach the same temperature.
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• Heat can be transferred in three basic modes:
▫ Conduction
▫ Convection
▫ Radiation

• All modes of heat transfer required the existence

of temperature difference.
Conduction, Convection and Radiation
• Conduction refers to the transport of energy in a
medium due to a temperature gradient.
• In contrast, the convection refers to heat transfer
that occurs between a surface and a fluid (at rest or
in motion) when they are at different temperatures.
• Radiation refers to the heat transfer that occurs
between two surfaces at different temperatures. It
results from the energy emitted by any surface in the
form of electromagnetic waves.
Conduction, Convection and Radiation
 Assignment 1:

State and explain three modes of heat transfer.

For each mode of heat transfer, give THREE
example of the heat transfer situation.

To be submitted on:
7th August 2018

(10 marks)