GSM Training Final

Training Program
NETWORK SERVICES
AN INTRODUCTION TO
GSM Fundamentals
Global System for Mobile

Communication
IDEA Cellular Limited Network Services, Maharashtra 2

Contents
 Brief History of GSM
 Features of GSM
 GSM Identities
 GSM Network Hierarchy
 Location Updating
 System Architecture
- Network Architecture
 Transmission Problems
 Traffic Cases

Contents Contd….
 Cell Planning
 Interference Types
 Subscriber Services
 Coverage of IDEA Maharashtra
 GSM Tech. Specifications
 Prepaid Services
 Technology Comparison (GSM Vs CDMA)
 GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)
 EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

History of GSM
•1982: CEPT(Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications)

establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a
pan-European cellular mobile system.
•1988: Validation of the GSM System.
•1991: Commercial launch of the GSM service.
•1992: Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU> Coverage
of larger cities/airports.
•1993: Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe.
•1995: Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas.

GSM Driving Forces
 Need for Frequency Re-use

 Need for common standards
 Need for greater capacity
 Demand for new services
 Demand for lower cost equipment
 Need for greater competition
 Increased security
 Advanced services

Features of GSM
 Spectrum efficiency
 Low mobile and base stations costs
 Good subjective voice quality
 Compatibility with other systems such as ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network)
 Open Network Architecture
 Ability to support new services classified into three groups:
-Tele-Services
-Bearer Services
-Supplementary Services

Features of GSM Contd…
 Speech Services
-Telephony(+Voice Mail)
-Emergency Calls
 Short Message Service(SMS)
- SMS is similar to the paging service,but much more
comprehensive,allowing bi-directional messages,store-and-forward
delivery,and acknowledgement of a successful delivery.
 GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

GSM Identities
 In order to switch a call to mobile subscriber,the right entities need to be
involved.
 It is thus important to address them correctly.
 Numbering plans are used to identify different networks.
- Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) :
 A number that uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription
 As per CCITT recommendations,MSISDN is composed as follows
MSISDN = CC + NDC + NC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
NC = Network Code(For Idea,it is 22/50)
SN = Subscriber Number
eg . 919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345
IDEA Cellular Limited

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
 IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM

PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network)
 This number is allocated to each subscriber for a correct identification
over the radio path and through the GSM PLMN network.
 IMSI is used for all signaling in PLMN
 IMSI is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),HLR and serving
VLR
 IMSI consists of:
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code ( 3 digits)
MNC = Mobile Network Code ( 2 digits)
MSN = Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max 10
digits)
eg : 404 + 22 + 0000123456

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
 This number is a temporary number used to route a call

 HLR knows the MSC/VLR area of the subscriber
 HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to allocate and return a MSRN for
called subscriber.
 HLR then sends the received MSRN to the GMSC,thus routing the call to
the MSC/VLR where subscriber is registered.
 MSRN has three parts:
MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
NC = Network Operator Code
SN = Subscriber Number (Address to serving MSC )
eg. : 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX Where,005XXX is sent by MSC.
00 is for Pune MSC,20 is for Nagpur MSC,10 is for Goa MSC.
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
 IMEI is used for equipment identity

 IMEI consists of :
IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp
TAC = Type Approval Code ( 6 digit )
FAC = Final Assembly Code (2 digit ) identifies
manufacturer
SNR = Serial Number ( 6 digit )
sp = spare for future use ( 1 digit )
eg. : 352518 + 00 + 581976 + 3
Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets.
 IMEI length is 15 digits.

Location Area Identity (LAI)
 Used for Location Updating of Mobile Subscribers

 LAI consists of :
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC = Mobile Country Code (same numbering plan as in
IMSI)
MNC = Mobile Network Code ,identifies the GSM PLMN in that
country (as in IMSI )
LAC = Location Area Code ,identifies Location Area within
GSM PLMN.Length is 16 bits thus 65536 location areas can be
defined in one GSM PLMN.
eg. 404 +22 + 10000 where 10000 is the LAC for Pune.

Cell Global Identity (CGI)
 Used to identify a cell within the GSM network

 Only a CI parameter is added to LAI
CI = cell Identity,identifies a cell within a location area,max 16 digits
eg. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726
Where,
404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 is the CI of one of the cells
of Pune.CI is different for all the three sectors of the cell.

Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) :
 Allows mobile station to distinguish between different neighboring

base stations.
 BSIC consists of :
BSIC = NCC + BCC
NCC = Network Colour Code ( 3 bits ).Used to identify
operators on each side of the border
BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits ),identifies Base
Station to help distinguish between BTS using the same
BCCH frequencies
eg. 71
Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator.
and 1 is the BCC.BCC can range from 0 to 7.

GSM Network Hierarchy
GSM AREA
PLMN Service Area
MSC/VLR Area
Location Area
Cell VLR HLR
VLR
MSC MSC
MSC

Cell
Cell
 Area covered by the BTS which transmits and receives signals on Radio
Channels
 Cell provides the complete coverage for the designed area
 Each cell is allocated a number of Radio Channels.The MS and BTS
communicate over these radio channels.
 Cell is identified by a number called CGI –Cell Global Identification

Types of Cells
Different density of population gives the need for different types of cells:
 Macro Cells
 Micro Cells
 Selective Cells
 Umbrella Cells
- Macro Cell :
 Large cells for remotely and scarcely populated area.
- Micro Cell :
 Cells used in densely populated areas
 Area is divided into smaller cells hence number of channels are
increased.
 Capacity is also increased
 Power level is decreased,thus reducing interference.

Selective Cell :
 Used to define a cell with full coverage.
 Cells with particular coverage and shape such as a tunnel are called
selective cells.
Umbrella Cell :
 An umbrella cell covers several small micro cells
 Power level of Umbrella Cell is kept high compared to micro cells forming
the umbrella cell.
 Umbrella cell thus handles high speed mobiles reducing internal
handovers
 Mobile thus stays longer within the same Umbrella Cell

Location Area
Cell Cell
Cell
LA
 A group of Cells form a Location Area

 Location Area is identified by Location Area Identity (LAI)
 Within the location area
 A Paging Message is broadcast to inform the MS of an incoming call.
 VLR need not be updated when subscriber moves between different
Location Areas.
 Each BTS in a Location Areas is controlled by a BSC .
 Each Location Area can be served by one or more BSC
 One Location Area can be served by one MSC only.

MSC/VLR Area Service Area
MSC/VLR Area
Cell Cell
Location Area Cell

VLR LA1
Cell
MSC Cell Cell
Cell
LA2
 MSC and VLR are combined to form one unit

 Area served by this MSC/VLR is called as MSC/VLR Area
 Contains one or more Location Areas
 Calls to subscribers within that service area will be routed to the MSC
serving the service area

PLMN Area
MSC/VLR Area MSC/VLR Area

1 2
Location Area VLR Location Area VLR
Cell
Cell
MSC 1 MSC 2
HLR HLR 1
 One or More MSC/VLR areas are combined to form a PLMN Area
 PLMN Area is the area covered by one network operator
 Each PLMN area has atleast one HLR which contains the data for
subscribers within its PLMN area
More than one HLR can be used depending on the number of
subscribers
GSM Area
GSM AREA
PLMN AREA
MSC/VLR AREA
Cell
 Geographical Area within which GSM Service is available

 Consists of all PLMN areas within GSM
 Subscriber in a GSM area can continuously use the network.

Location Updating
 In order to route an incoming call it is necessary that the network should
know the location of the subscriber
 As the subscriber roams through the network,the MS informs the network of
the current location .This process is called as Location Updating.
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1
LA2
• Location Update Done.

Location Updating
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1
LA2

Location Updating
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1
LA2

Location Updating
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1
LA2
• Location Update Not Required

Location Updating
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1
LA2

Location Updating
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1
LA2
•Location Update Required because subscriber moved to new location area.

Attached / Detached
 MS can be ATTACHED when

- MS is turned ON
- MS is busy,eg. Call in progress
- MS is idle
 MS is DETACHED when
- MS is turned OFF

System Architecture
 A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of

three major subsystems:
– the Network Switching Sub System (NSS) or (SSS)
– Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
– the Operation Support Subsystem (OSS).
 The Mobile Station (MS) is usually considered to be part of the BSS.

Network Architecture
AUC Switching System
(SS)
VLR HLR EIR
MSC
OMC
Base Station System BSC
(BSS)
BTS
MS
Mobile Station
It Consists of two main elements:

 The mobile equipment or terminal
 The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile Equipment/Terminal:
There are different types of terminals distinguished principally be their
power and application:
- Fixed Terminals: The ones installed in cars.Max. allowed output power is
20W.
- GSM Portable Terminals: The ones installed in vehicles.Max. allowed
output power is 8W.
- Handheld Terminals: Which have experienced biggest success because of
their decreasing weight and volume.They emit up to 2W power.With
evolution of technologies the max. allowed power has decreased to 0.8W.

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
 Smart card which identifies the terminal.

 Protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to
identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some
parameters of the user such as its International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI).

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
BSC
Base Station System
(BSS) BTS
MS
 Incharge of Transmission and Reception.

Divided into two parts:
- Base Transreceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station (BS).
- Base Station Controller (BSC).
 Connects MS and SS (Switching Subsystem)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Station Trans Receiver (BTS):
 Corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the
network.
 Size of the cell depends on BTS’s transmitting power
Base Station Controller (BSC):

 BSC controls one or more number of BTS’s.
 Controls handovers,frequency hopping,exchange functions
and radio frequency power levels of BTS’s.
BSC
BTS

Switching Subsystem (SS)
 The switching subsystem includes the equipment and functions related to
end-to-end calls, management of subscribers, mobility,and interface with
the fixed PSTN.
 The network and the switching subsystem together include the main
switching functions of GSM as well as the databases needed for
subscriber data and mobility management.
Switching Subsystem consists of:

- Mobile Switch Center (MSC) AUC
- Visitor Location Register (VLR)
- Home Location Register (HLR) VLR HLR EIR
- Authentication Center (AUC)
- Equipment Identity Register (EIR) MSC

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC):
 Performs switching functions of the network.
AUC
 Provides connection to other networks.
 Call Control and Mobility Management.
 Management of MSC-Subscriber VLR HLR EIR
Signaling.
 Interface to HLR,VLR,EIR. MSC
 Decides whether to grant access to an MS to make a call
 Charging Management.
 Tone and Announcements.
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center (GMSC):
 Interface between mobile cellular network and the PSTN.
 In charge of routing calls from the fixed network towards a GSM user.
Home Location Register (HLR)
AUC
VLR HLR EIR
MSC
 Database that stores information of Subscribers within its

MSC/VLR area
 Subscriber Number
 Details of supplementary services ,whether subscriber can
make international calls etc
 Subscriber Authentication Parameters ,which is obtained from
AUC
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
AUC
VLR HLR EIR
MSC
 The VLR constitutes the database that supports the MSC in the
storage and retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area.
 The VLR supports a mobile paging and tracking subsystem in the
local area where the mobile is presently roaming.
 A VLR may be in charge of one or several Location Areas.

Authentication Centre (AUC)
AUC
VLR HLR EIR
MSC
 Authentication information and ciphering keys are stored in a database

within the AUC, which protects the user information against unwanted
disclosure and access.
 The HLR is responsible for the "authentication" of the subscriber each
time he makes or receives a call.AUC only generates the authentication
parameters.
 The AUC, which actually performs this function, is a separate GSM
entity that will often be physically included with the HLR.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) AUC
VLR HLR EIR

EIR
MSC
 EIR is a database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered MS.
 There are three classes of MS that are stored in the database, and each group
has different characteristics.
– White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been assigned to
valid MS’s.
– Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported stolen.
– Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for example,
faulty software, wrong make of the equipment). This list contains all MSs with
faults not important enough for barring.

Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
OMC
 The main purpose of the OMC is to perform all operations and

maintenance functions on elements of the GSM PLMN system.
 The OMC uses a separate Telecommunications Management Network
(TMN) to communicate with the various components of the GSM system. In
general, it is done through leased lines on the PSTN or other fixed networks.
In our Network,OMC is not separate.It is a part of the BSC only.

Location Updating in new MSC/VLR Area
VLR-1 VLR-2 HLR
MSC 1 MSC 2
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Cell Cell
LA1 LA2
• MS is registered in new MSC/VLR

• VLR sends message to network’s HLR
• HLR thus gets the new location
• VLR can now get subscriber parameters from HLR
HLR then :
— updates the location of subscriber
— sends subscriber information to VLR
— instructs VLR of old MSC to erase subscriber data
Transmission Problems
 In radio communication the transmission quality varies from one
place to another.
 Two major factors affecting quality of transmission are:
1. Distance between transmitter and receiver
2. Reflections or obstructions due to man made or natural
structures
- General Transmission problems affecting Transmission Quality:

 Path Loss
 Shadowing
 Multi path Fading

Path Loss
As the MS moves away from the Base Station the signal strength reduces

Path Loss

Path Loss

Path Loss
 This decrease in strength is called PATH LOSS.
 Power Loss α d2f2 where,d is the distance from the BTS
f is the frequency
 Thus power decreases with distance and frequency
But in the cellular system,due to the presence of Base Station this problem
does not occur as a new transmission path is established before the
previous is broken
Shadowing
 More often we observe hills ,trees and buildings between MS and the BTS

Shadowing

Shadowing

Shadowing
This environmental attenuation of radio signal is called SHADOWING.
 Thus signal strength increases or decreases depending on the presence of
obstacles between the Tx and Rx antenna
Thus a mobile subscriber experiences both PATH LOSS and SHADOWING

Multi Path Fading
 Signal transmitted by a BTS may be interfered by:

 Trees
 Buildings
 Hills
 Other Vehicles
This produces more than one path between the BTS and MS.
 Thus some signals may be cancelled which reduces the signal strength.
Traffic Cases
 Call from PSTN Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber
 Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a PSTN Subscriber
 Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber
 Call from PSTN to Mobile when a Mobile Subscriber
is in Roaming
 Call from Mobile to Mobile when a Mobile Subscriber
is in Roaming

Call from PSTN to a Mobile Subscriber
4. IMSI
HLR VLR
3. MSISDN 6. MSRN 5. MSRN
MSC
GMSC
2. MSISDN
BSC
PSTN
PSTN
EXCH
EXCH BTS
1. MSISDN
MS
First,the PSTN subscriber dials the GSM subscriber’s number(MSISDN).

The PSTN routes the call to the nearest Gateway MSC(GMSC)

The HLR interrogates the VLR for routing information.
In the HLR,the MSISDN is translated into an International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI) and sent to the VLR.
HLR forwards the MSRN to the GMSC.
The GMSC uses this number to route the call to the MSC.
The MSC checks the VLR for Location Area of the Subscriber.
The call can then be switched via the BSS to the Mobile Subscriber.
The VLR selects a roaming number(MSRN) and links it to the IMSI for the duration of the
call.VLR sends the MSRN to the HLR
The GMSC interrogates the HLR where the subscriber is registered to find where
the subscriber is currently located i.e. the MSC service area.
GMSC requests a Mobile Station Random Number(MSRN).The MSRN is a temporary
number used by the GMSC to route the call to the correct MSC in the service area
currently being visited by the MS.

Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a PSTN
Subscriber
PSTN
B-Number
VLR
MSC
Call Call
Request Acknowledgement
BTS
Call
Request
The
This MS
If the in turns
message
MS sends
is
is being the B-number
processed
granted by the to
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is sent by the MS to the MSC/VLR.
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• Completing
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the call will be Procedure
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IDEA•Cellular
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Limitedthe mobile subscriber’s categories Network Services, Maharashtra 58
Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a Mobile
MSISDN
Subscriber
GMSC
MSISDN, MSRN
MSRN
Request MSRN Request
MSISDN
VLR-1 HLR VLR-2
MSRN
MSC IMSI
MSC
Call Call Page
Request Acknowledgement Message
BSC BSC
BTS BTS
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Call from PSTN to Mobile in Roaming
HLR-Pune
MSRN MSC/VLR-
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GMSC
Call
Request
Paging
PSTN
PSTN
EXCH
EXCH BSC
BTS
Roaming Subscriber
PSTN Subscriber
PUNE MUMBAI
Call from Mobile to Mobile in Roaming
HLR-Pune
MSRN MSC/VLR-
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MSC
Call Paging
Request
BSC
BSC
BTS
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Calling Subscriber Roaming Subscriber
PUNE MUMBAI
Cell Planning
 Initial information required for cell planning is:
 The likely geographical distribution of Mobile Units.
 The traffic behavior of subscribers.
 The required quality of service.
 The required geographical coverage.
 All Cell Planning begins by making a “Nominal Cell Plan”.

This is a proposed layout of cells which meet the given:
 Quality
 Coverage
 Capacity
requirements.
The traffic calculations are done with a unit called “Erlangs”.

Important Definitions
 Cell: The area that is covered from a BTS.
 Omni Cell: A Cell with an omni-directional BTS antenna system.
 Sector Cell: A Cell with a (uni-) directional BTS antenna system.
 Site: The geographical location where the RBS equipment is stored,and the
BTS antennas are mounted.
 3-Sector-Site: A site with equipment for three sector cells.
 Uplink: When signal travels from MS(Mobile Station) to BTS(Base
Transreceiver Station),it is called uplink.
 Downlink: When signal travels from BTS(Base Transreceiver Station to
MS(Mobile Station),it is called downlink.
 Repeater: It is a bi-directional RF(Radio Frequency) amplifier system that
picks up the signals from an existing base station(donor),amplifies it and
redirects it to the subscribers.It extends coverage to another area.
 Booster: It is an amplifier which is used to amplify the signal level at any place
and throw the signal in the same area.It is generally used for indoor coverage.
The Hexagon Cell Shape
Real world planning must consider the fact that radio propagation is
very much dependent on Terrain and other factors.

Handover
 Handover is a process in which an MS in active connection
state is moved to another radio channel
 Handover can occur :
 Within the same BSC area : BSC has to make connection to
the new BTS
 Different BSC area but same MSC/VLR area : BSC has to make
connection with new BSC and from this BSC to new BTS .The new
BTS then connects to the MS
 Different MSC/VLR area : Both MSC/VLRs are now involved.
- MSC/VLR1 sends a Handover Request to MSC/VLR2.
- New BSC sets up connection to new BTS.
- When connection is ready,new BSC informs old BSC and
in turn the MS to execute Handover

Interference Types
 Co-Channel interference(C/I): It is the ratio of the level of the received desired
signal level to the level of the received undesired signal level.
It is caused by frequency reuse in the cellular network.
 If a system can tolerate a lot of co-channel

interference,cells using the same channels can be
located closer to each other.
 The greater tolerance a system can offer w.r.t

co-channel interference,the greater the capacity it can
offer.

 Adjacent Channel Interference(C/A):
It occurs,for eg.,when a BTS transmitting on a frequency ‘f’,picks up a signal

from a mobile station or BTS in another cell transmitting on a neighboring
frequency.
A neighboring frequency is a frequency which is 200Khz higher or lower than
‘f’.
Received Adjacent
Signal Channel “f” Channel
Strength
“f+200kHz”
“f+200kHz” ADJACENT
Because these frequencies are adjacent,(only separated by 200 kHz),some

of the power in the adjacent frequency will ‘break through’ the receiver
filter for frequency ‘f’ and cause interference.

Subscriber Services
 Telecommunication services are divided into:
~ Tele-services : Provides subscriber with all necessary terminal
equipment to communicate with other subscriber.
~ Supplementary Services : Accomplished by complementing various
GSM Services
- Tele-services :
Speech : Most fundamental service offered in order to make and receive
calls to fixed and mobile subscribers all over the world.
Facsimile group : This service facilitates a GSM connected fax to
communicate with any analogue fax in the fixed network.
Short Message services (SMS) : A message consisting of around 160
messages to be sent to subscriber.It can be sent even if mobile is switched
off.

SMS Cell Broadcast : A short message can be broadcasted to all mobile
within a certain geographical area.
DTMF : Dual Tone Multi Frequency is a tone signaling scheme often used for
various control purposes via the telephone network.
Voice Mail : Service is an answering machine which records the voice of
calling subscriber and can be listened to whenever required using a personal
code.
- Supplementary Services :
Call Forwarding : Service gives subscriber facility to forward incoming calls to
another number under different conditions:
- Call forward on MS not reachable
- Call forwarding when MS is busy
- Call forwarding on no reply
- Call forward unconditional

Barring of outgoing calls : The subscriber can activate or deactivate service from
the mobile station.Conditions of Call Barring are:
- Barring of all outgoing calls
- Barring all outgoing international calls
- Barring of all outgoing international calls except those directed to
home PLMN
Barring of Incoming Calls : Bars subscribers incoming calls.Conditions for this
barring are:
- Barring of all incoming calls
- Barring of incoming calls when roaming outside home PLMN
Advice of charge : Provides subscriber with information required to calculate an
estimate of charge for a call.
Call Waiting : Subscriber is notified of an incoming call when one call is in
progress.
Call Hold : Allows subscriber to switch between calls ,keeping the other on hold.
Multi-party service : Enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multi-party
conservation.
Calling line Identification Presentation Services : This service provides both
restriction and presentation of calling line identity.Presentation allows calling
number to be displayed whereas restriction prevents the display of calling
number.
Connected line Identification Restriction : This services allows/disallows the
called party’s number to be displayed.
Closed user group : Enables subscribers connected to the PLMN/ISDN and
possibly other networks to form groups to and from which access is
restricted.Members of group can communicate with each other but not
generally with users outside the group.

Coverage of IDEA Maharashtra

GSM Tech. Specifications
Frequency Band :
Up link 890 MHz -915 MHz
Down link 935 MHz -960 MHz
Duplex distance 45 MHz
Carrier distance 200 KHz
Modulation GMSK
Access method TDMA & FDMA

Prepaid Services
 Prepaid is a service where in subscriber has to pay in advance
Features of Prepaid service :
- Rechargeable options
- Customized messages
- Multiple languages and automatic language selection
- Fixed number auto-dialing
- Automatic expiration date
- Warning messages
- User friendly management of activation,deactivation and recharges
- Short message services (SMS)

Prepaid Services Contd…
- Call forwarding
- Call cost and after call balance (depending on the operator)
- Other promotional features benefits
- Almost all services that are available for postpaid subscribers can be
availed by a prepaid subscriber

Prepaid Services/IN(Intelligent
Network)
 Prepaid Subscribers are charged online for their services using the IN
(Intelligent Network )
 IN contains database of balance of each prepaid subscriber in terms of

Rupees
 IN also contains Voucher Database and Tariff Tables
 Before a prepaid subscriber originates a call or sends an SMS, MSC

interrogates with IN. IN checks subscriber balance, reserves the
amount applicable to that call from subscribers balance and then lets
the call complete.
 Once subscribers balance reaches zero or his validity period

expires,he can buy a new voucher and update.

Air Interface Techniques
 Different techniques are adopted to use the same frequency
band by different users without causing interference.
 Some of the Air Interface Access techniques are:
- TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access ) : Channel is divided into a
number of Time Slots.
- FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access ) : Available spectrum is
divided into a number of radio channels of specified bandwidth.
- CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access ) : All users share the same
radio frequency at the same time and are channelised by using
unique assigned code.
TDMA FDMA CDMA

GSM Vs CDMA
Radio Channel is divided into sequential time Frequency is channelized by using unique
slots access code
Used in most developed nations and has more Used mostly in South Korea,North
than 500 million subscribers all over the world America,Australia,Taiwan and parts of
China.Has 80 million subscribers
GSM Mobiles have a SIM card which has many CDMA Mobiles do not have SIM cards hence
functions and is convenient . ( eg You can one has to stick to the same handset wherever
change handset w/o change of number or he goes
settings)
Range from tower is approx 35 kms Range from tower is approx 110 kms
Power output from GSM phone is 2 W Power output from CDMA phone is 200 mW
Talk-time is high due to pulse nature Talk-time is low as it transmits all time
As the number of users over network increases As the number of users increases over the
voice quality remains good network,voice quality deteriorates.
Data transmission speed is only 56 kbps.But can Data transmission is high from 153 Kbps to 614
be improved with GPRS and EDGE Kbps.

GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service )
 Non-voice value added service
 GPRS offers faster data transmission via a GSM network within a range of
9.6 Kbps to 115 Kbps
 Users can make a telephone call and receive data at the same time i.e. one
can make calls and receive E-Mail messages at the same time
- Features of GPRS :
- Speed :Provides a max speed of 21 Kbps per time slot (Depending on
quality of network & number of simultaneous users)
- Instant Connectivity: GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby
information can be sent or received immediately as the need arises,
subject to radio coverage. No dial-up modem connection is necessary.
- New and Better Applications : All applications available over internet will
be enabled in GPRS such as FTP,chat E-mail etc.

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution)
 An add-on to GPRS and cannot work alone
 It allows consumers to connect to the Internet and send and receive data,
including digital images, web pages and photographs, three times faster
than an ordinary GSM/GPRS network .
 EDGE enables GSM operators to offer higher-speed mobile-data access,
serve more mobile-data customers, and free up GSM network capacity to
accommodate additional voice traffic, as compared to GPRS.
 Provides higher throughput and capacity by adding new modulation and
coding to GPRS and by making radio link adjustments to protocols.
 IDEA CELLUAR LTD is the First Operator to provide EDGE services in
INDIA.


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Training Program

Global System for Mobile

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•1982: CEPT(Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications)

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 Need for Frequency Re-use

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IDEA Cellular Limited

 IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM

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 This number is a temporary number used to route a call

 IMEI is used for equipment identity

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 Used for Location Updating of Mobile Subscribers

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 Used to identify a cell within the GSM network

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 Allows mobile station to distinguish between different neighboring

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 A group of Cells form a Location Area

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Location Area Cell

MSC Cell Cell

 MSC and VLR are combined to form one unit

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MSC/VLR Area MSC/VLR Area

 Geographical Area within which GSM Service is available

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Cell Cell Cell Cell

• Location Update Done.

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Cell Cell Cell Cell

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Cell Cell Cell Cell

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Cell Cell Cell Cell

• Location Update Not Required

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Cell Cell Cell Cell

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Cell Cell Cell Cell

•Location Update Required because subscriber moved to new location area.

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 MS can be ATTACHED when

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 A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of

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VLR HLR EIR

It Consists of two main elements:

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 Smart card which identifies the terminal.

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 Incharge of Transmission and Reception.

 Connects MS and SS (Switching Subsystem)

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