MEANING

A variety of statistical test are available for

analyzing of given set of data. An appropriate
statistical test for analyzing of given a set of data is
selected on the basis of :
 Scale of measurement of data.
 Dependence/independence of measurements
 Number of population being study.
 Specific requirements such as size,sample of
population distribution etc…
 ADVANTAGES

 χ² methods are generally easy to apply & quick to

compute when sample size is small.

 χ² methods provide solutions to problems that do not

required to make the assumptions that a population is
distributed normally.
 LIMITATIONS

 χ² methods require more manual computational

time when sample size gets
larger.

 χ² methods should not be used untill all the

assumptions of the population can be met.
 A PPLICATIONS
OF
Χ² TEST

A few important applications of χ² test discussed in this

chapter are as follows:-
Test of independence
Test of goodness-of-fit
Yates’s corrections for continuity
Test for homogenity
 Test Of Independence

 The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze

the frequency of two qualitative variables or attributes
with multiple categories to determine whether two
variables are independent.
for e.g.:- whether university students classified by gender
are independent of courses of study.
 EXAMPLE

GENDER Q.T ACCOUNTS TOTAL

Male 45 55 100
Female 35 45 80
TOTAL 80 100 180
 Test For Goodness-of-fit
 The Chi-square test for goodness-of-fit is a statistical test of
how well given data support an assumption about the
distribution of a population or random variable of interest.
The test determines how well an assumed distribution fits
the given data:-
For e.g.:-
 Day of the week Mon Tues Wed Thru Fri Total
 No. of absenteeism 66 56 54 48 75 300
 Expected goodness-of-fit is=Total no. of absenteeism
/no. of absenteeism
= 300/5= 60.
 Yates's Correction For Continuity

 The distribution of chi-square test statistical is

continuous but the data under test is categorical which is
recreate. A continuity correction made when calculating
the chi-square test statistical for a 2 into 2 contingency
table.
 To remove the probability of such errors to occur due to
the effect of discrete date, we apply yate’s correction for
continuity.
 Test For Homogeneity
 The test of homogeneity is useful in case of when we
intend to verify whether several population are
homogenous with respect to some characteristic of
interest

 For e.g.:- we may like to know that the milk supplied by

various companies has a particular ingredient in common
or not. Hence the test of homogeneity is useful in testing a
null hypothesis that several population are homogenous
with respect to characteristics
 EXAMPLE
UNDER20 20-39 40-59 60-OVER TOTAL
LIKED 146 78 48 28 300
THE
MOVIES
DISLIK 54 22 42 22 140
ED THE
MOVIES
INDIFFE 20 10 10 20 60
RENT
TOTAL 220 110 100 70 500
THANK YOU