Review of Related

Literature and Studies

 What is Literature?

Literature may be defined as “ Written works

collectively, especially, those of enduring importance,
exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skills which
are written in a particular period, language and
subject,” (Funk and Wagnalls.)
 Related Literature

It is composed of discussions of facts and

principles to which the present study is related. For
instance, if the present study deals with the
construction and design of dams, literature to be
reviewed or surveyed should be composed of
materials that deal with construction and design of
dams.
Related Literature
 Related Studies

Studies, inquiries, or investigations already

conducted to which the present proposed study is relate
or has some bearing or similarity. They are usually
unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and
dissertations.

The research studies which have direct bearing to

the present study are segregated to foreign and local
studies.
Related Studies
According to Gay (1976), the review of related
literature performs five important function:
1. Provides conceptual framework
2. Provides the researcher with information about past
researches related to his intended knowledge.
3. Gives the investigator a feeling of confidence.
4. Gives the researcher information about research
methods used.
5. Provides findings and conclusions of past
investigations that would relate to his findings.
Two Kinds of Literature
• Research Literature – refers to published
reports of actual research studies done
previously.

• Conceptual Literature – consist of articles or

books written by authorities giving their
opinion, experiences, theories or ideas of what
is good and bad, desirable and undesirable
within the problem area.
- Fox (1969)
Contribution of Related Literature to
Problem Solving
• Frequently the source of significant problems.

• Means of determining whether the proposed

study unnecessarily duplicates some earlier
investigation.

• Knowledge obtained
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of
Related Literature and Studies
1. They help or guide the researcher in searching
for or selecting a better research problem or
topic. By reviewing related materials, a
replication of a similar problem may be found
better than the problem already chosen.
Replication is the study of research problem
already conducted but in another place.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of
Related Literature and Studies
2. They help the investigator understand his topic
for research better. Reviewing related literature
and studies may clarify vague points about his
problem.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of
Related Literature and Studies
3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of
other studies. There is duplication if an
investigation already made is conducted again
in the same locale using practically the same
respondents. This is avoided if a survey of
related literature and studies be made first.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of
Related Literature and Studies
4. They help and guide the researcher in locating
more sources of related information. This is
because the bibliography of a study already
conducted indicate references about similar
studies.

5. They help and guide the researcher in making

his research design.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of
Related Literature and Studies
6. They help and guide the researcher in making
comparison between his findings of other
researchers on similar studies with the end in
view of formulating generalization or principles
which are the contributions of the study to
fund of knowledge.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Sources of information or evidence are often

categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary
material.
Primary Sources

These sources are records of events or

evidence as they are first described or actually
happened without any interpretation or
commentary. It is information that is shown for
the first time or original materials on which other
research is based.
Questions to Ask When Determining If
Something Is a Primary Source:
• Did the author conduct original research on the
topic?
• Is the information the result of a survey?
• Is the information uninterpreted data or statistics?
• Is the source an original document or a creative
work?
• Did the information come from personal experience?
Why Use Primary Sources?

Sources that present new research, original

conclusions based on the research of others, or an
author's original perspective are more helpful and
effective for your needs. They allow you to
interpret the information rather than relying on
the interpretations of others.
Examples:
• Theses,
• dissertations,
• scholarly journal articles (research based),
• some government reports, symposia and
conference proceedings,
• original artwork, poems, photographs,
speeches, letters, memos, personal narratives,
diaries, interviews, autobiographies, and
correspondence.
Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are information sources

that interpret, include, describe, or draw
conclusions based on works written by others.
Questions to Ask When Determining If
Something Is a Secondary Source:
• Did the author consult multiple sources to create this
work?
• Is this information an interpretation or paraphrasing of
another author's work?
• Did the information come from second-hand reporting?
• Is the source a textbook, review, or commentary?
• Does the source include quotations or images?
Why Use Secondary Sources?
Secondary sources are best for uncovering
background or historical information about a
topic and broadening your understanding of a
topic by exposing you to others’ perspectives,
interpretations, and conclusions. However, it is
better to critique an original information source
(primary source) if you plan to reference it in
your work.
Examples:
• Textbooks,
• edited works,
• books and articles that interpret or review
research works,
• histories, biographies, literary criticism and
interpretation,
• reviews of law and legislation,
• political analyses and commentaries.
Tertiary Sources

Tertiary sources consist of information

which is a distillation and collection of primary
and secondary sources - they provide overviews of
topics by compiling and synthesizing information
gathered from other resources.
Why Use Tertiary Sources?

Tertiary sources are convenient and easy-

to-use; they are great resources to use as
introductions to a new topic.
Examples:
 Almanacs
 Bibliographies
 Dictionaries, encyclopedias (also secondary)
 Handbooks
 Fact books
 Guide books
 Indexes, abstracts, bibliographies used to locate primary and
secondary sources
 Manuals
 Textbooks (also secondary)
Where to locate the sources of Related
Literature and Studies

1. Libraries
2. Government and private offices
3. The National Library
4. The Library of Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
REVIEW OF SOURCES OF
RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
The following are the characteristics of related
literature and studies that should be cited:

1. The materials must be as recent as possible.

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as
possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Materials must not be few or too many.
 10 Simple Guidelines for
Writing a Literature Review
1. Define a Topic and Audience
• How to choose which topic to review?

The topic must at least be:

• Interesting to you
• An important aspect of the field
• A well-defined issue
2. Search and Re-search the Literature
• Start by checking the literature and downloading relevant
papers

Five pieces of advice here:

• Keep track of the search items you use
• Keep a list of papers whose pdf’s you cannot access
immediately
• Use a paper management systems
• Define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of
irrelevant papers
• Do not just look for research papers in the area you wish
to review, but also seek previous reviews.
3. Take notes while reading

4. Choose the type of review you wish to write

It is a good time to decide whether to go for a mini or a
full review.

5. Keep the Review Focused, but Make it of Broad

Interest
Focus is an important feature of a successful review, this
requirement has to be balanced with the need to make
the review relevant to a broad audience.
6. Be Critical and Consistent

After having read a review of literature, a reader should

have a rough idea of:

• The major achievements in the reviewed field

• The main areas of debate
• The outstanding research questions
7. Find a Logical Structure
• How to organize the flow of the main body of the
review?

A good review has a number of telling features:

• Worth the reader’s time
• Timely
• Systematic
• Well-written
• Focused
• Critical
8. Make Use of Feedback
9. Include Your Own Relevant Research, but
Be Objective
• How can reviewers report objectively on their
own work?

In general, a review of literature should neither be

a public relations brochure nor an exercise in
competitive self-denial.

10. Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older

Studies
 Do’s and Don’ts in Writing
Review of Related Literature
Framing the Initial Question:
Where am I Going With This?
Locating Previous Research:
Is Anybody Out There?
Shaping the Research Question:
Shape Up or Shape Out
Choosing the Right Articles:
To Use or Not To Use?
Analyzing & Interpreting Data:
Creating the Conversation
Building a Solid Conclusion:
Bringing it All Together
DIFFERENT RESEARCH
DESIGN
APPLIED RESEARCH
Refers to scientific study and research
that seeks to solve practical problems. It is a
type of research used to find solutions to
every day problems, cure illness, and develop
innovative technologies, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake.
BASIC RESEARCH

It is driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest

in a scientific question.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Historical research gives a social scientist a

better context for making realistic decisions.
Five steps involved in conducting Historical
Research
1. Identification of the research topic and
formulation of the research problem of
question
2. Data Collection or literature review
3. Evaluation of materials
4. Data synthesis
5. Report preparation or preparation of
narrative exposition
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Descriptive-Qualitative
Detailed descriptions of specific situation(s)
using interviews, observations, document
review.

Descriptive-Quantitative
Numerical descriptions (frequency, average)
Advantages of a Qualitative Research
Disadvantages of a Qualitative Research
Advantages of a Quantitative Research

Disadvantages of a Quantitative Research

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

Quantitative analyses of the strength of

relationships between two or more variables.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

Comparing a group that gets a particular

intervention with another group that is similar
in characteristics but did not receive the
intervention—no random assignment used.
EXPERIMENTAL

Using random assignment to assign

participants to an experimental or treatment
group and a control or comparison group.
META-ANALYSIS
Synthesis of results from multiple studies to
determine the average impact of a similar
intervention across the studies.
 Evidence of Effectiveness
LOW APPLIED RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
HIGH
META-ANALYSIS
IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT
RESEARCH DESIGN
Quantitative Research
o Allows the researcher to measure and analyze
the data.
o The researcher is more objective about the
findings of research.
o It can be used to test hypotheses in
experiments because of its ability to measure
data using statics
Qualitative Research

o It enables more complex aspects of a persons

experience to be studied
o Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on
the data to be collected
o The participants are able to provide data in
their own words and in their own way
Descriptive Research

o It contributes much to the establishment of standard

norms of conduct, behavior or performance. This is
especially true in psychological testing, as for
instance, norms in an intelligence test.
o It gives a better and deeper understanding of a
phenomenon on the basis of an in-depth study of the
phenomenon.
o Collect a large amount of notes for detailed studying
Correlational Research

o Can collect much information from many subjects at

one time
o Can study a wide range of variables and interrelations
o Study variables that are not easily produced in the
laboratory.
Historical Research

o It can provide prospective for decision making about

current problems
o issues are often better understood if we understand
the historical perspective
 GROUP 3
AMADA, REYNAND
CASTILLO, IRNAH ANGELA
JARIDA, MORDECAI
MANALO, RAENIEL
MANALO, RONABETH
MENDOZA, KASHOPEIA
PLATA, KHRISTINE MARIE
VIAÑA, KRIZZA CATHERINE
 References
INTERNET

• http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/tclibrary/tutorials/finding/primary.pdf
• https://www.crk.umn.edu/library/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-sources
• https://www.slideshare.net/Pilmathe2001/chapter-6-the-review-of-related-literature-and-studies
• http://thesisadviser.blogspot.com/2013/02/thesis-writing-review-of-related.html
• http://archives.gadoe.org/DMGetDocument.aspx/Types.of.Research.Methods
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715443/
• https://prezi.com/jwa2owkd5ov6/the-dos-donts-of-literature-reviews/
• https://www.slideshare.net/vaisalik/types-of-research
• https://www.slideshare.net/jasperidium/review-of-related-literature-10364715
• https://www.slideshare.net/JhengReyes/chapter-iii-thesis-ni-gara

BOOKS

• Methods of Research and Thesis Writing by Melchor Calmorin

• Methods and Techniques of Research by Sanchez Custodio