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Aldehyde STRUCTURE
C R = H, alkyl, aryl
R H
Ketone
O
R and R' = alkyl or aryl
C R and R' cannot be hydrogen!
R R'
NOMENCLATURE
IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones
C CH 2
CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
2-Pentanone O
CH3 C CH2
CH2 CH CH3
CH2
CH3
4-Ethyl-3-hexanone
O
CH CH3
CH3
3-Isopropylcyclopentanone
KETONES
Common, or Trivial, Names
• Name each group attached to the carbonyl
group as an alkyl group
C CH 2
CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
CH3 C CH3
CH2 CH2
Diethyl ketone
SPECIAL CASES
O O
C C
CH3 CH3
diphenyl ketone
dimethyl ketone
benzophenone
acetone
A common laboratory O
solvent and cleaning
agent C CH3
2-chloro-3-methylbutanal
Common Names of the Aldehydes
O O O
C C C
H H CH3 H H3C CH2 H
Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde
1 2 3
O O
C C
H3C CH2 C H H3C CH2 CH2 C H
Butyraldehyde Valeraldehyde
4 5
O
C
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 H RECOGNIZE
Caproaldehyde THESE
6
SPECIAL CASES
O
C
H H O
formaldehyde C H
O
benzaldehyde
C
H CH3
KNOW
THESE
acetaldehyde
Forming Common Names of Aldehydes
USE OF GREEK LETTERS O
C C C C C C C H
…….
CHO CHO
Cl Cl
-chlorocaproaldehyde -chlorocaproaldehyde
( -chlorohexanal ) ( -chlorohexanal )
REACTIVITY OF THE C=O GROUP
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
GENERALIZED CHEMISTRY
Nu or on adding acid Nu
Good nucleophiles
and strong bases BASIC SOLUTION
(usually charged)
Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl
Acid Catalyzed
+ more reactive to
.. :O H
O: fast addition than the un-
+
+ H C protonated precursor
C
..
.. + :O H
O H slow
+ C
C :Nu
Nu
(+)
CN
.. _ ..
:O : :O H
R C R + H2O R C R
CN CN
a cyanohydrin
H3C
N N You die of
Fe suffocation -
N N lack of oxygen.
H3C CH3
CH2CH2COOH
CH2CH2COOH
HCN is a gas that you can easily breathe into your lungs.
ORGANOMETALLICS
Synthesis of Alcohols
Addition of Organometallic Reagents
.. _ +
:O : :O: M
ether
R M + R C R
C
(R-MgBr) R R
R
(R-Li)
:R - H2O workup
+ step
H
These reagents cannot
..
exist in acid solution :O H
R C R + M (OH)x
alcohol
R
Summary of Reactions of
Organometallics with
Carbonyl Compounds
All review
• Organometallics with ketones yield to you
tertiary alcohols
• Organometallics with aldehydes yield
secondary alcohols
• Organometallics with formaldehyde yield
primary alcohols.
• Organometallics with carbon dioxide yield
carboxylic acids.
etc.
HYDRATES
Addition of Water
O O H
+
H
C + H2O R C R'
R R'
O H
aldehyde or ketone
favored a hydrate
O H
+H2O18 -H2O
R C R
18 O
H exchange shows the
presence of a symmetric
intermediate
SOME STABLE HYDRATES
these also indicate that hydrates are possible
Cl O Cl OH
Cl C Cl C OH
+Cl H
Cl H
chloral chloral hydrate
120o expected
60o required OH
109o expected
O 60o required
sp2 sp3 OH
cyclopropanone cyclopropanone
hydrate
SOME ADDITIONAL STABLE HYDRATES
O O O OH
H C C H C C OH
glyoxal H
H
O O O OH
Ph C C Ph C C OH
H
H
phenylglyoxal
ACETALS AND
HEMIACETALS
ACID CATALYSIS
RECALL
H
+
O H
H ..
.. + H ..
:O :O :O H
O H O R
H+
R C R' + ROH R C R' + H O
O R O R H
an aketal
hemiacetal acetal
R R OH ROH R OR
ROH
C O C C
OR OR
R ketone R R
(hemiketal)* (ketal)*
*older term *older term
..
R OH + H 2S O4 R O H Like a
+ hydronium
H ion
R
H O
+
.. .. H + ..
:O :O H :O H
R C R R C R R C R
.. O+
O H .. R
H .. R ..
ACID CATALYZED :
first R O
FORMATION OF A addition H
HEMIACETAL
.. H
Normally the starting :O H
material is favored -
but a second molecule R C R + R O+
of alcohol can react .. H
if in excess (next slide) : ..
O
hemiacetal R
FORMATION OF THE ACETAL ( from the hemiacetal )
remove
R
H O
+ H ..
.. H O H
H
.. second
.. H .. :O addition
:O H O H .. R
+
R C R R C R R C R
R C R +
:O
.. : O..
SN1 :O + :O
R R R R
hemiacetal
Resonance
stabilized
.. .. .. carbocation
: H
:O R R O O R
+
H
H +
R O
: R C R R C R
H
:O
.. R
: O.. R
acetal
STABILITY OF ACETALS AND HEMIACETALS
Acetals are not stable in aqueous acid, but they are stable to
aqueous base.
OR H2SO4 ROH
AQUEOUS
ACID
C C O +
H2O
OR
ROH
AQUEOUS OR NaOH
BASE C no reaction
OR H2O
ADDITION OF WATER AND ALCOHOLS
WATER O H2O HO OH
C hydrate
ALCOHOLS
O R-O-H R-O-H
HO OR RO OR
C
H2O
hemiacetal acetal
O acetals are
RO OR H+
+2 ROH stable to base
H2O
but not to
H2O aqueous acid
no reaction
NaOH
REAKSI OKSIDASI
OKSIDASI ALDEHID DAN KETON
1. CH3NH2
2. (CH3)2NH