Understanding the SW

Process
• Processes can be identified if operations
are repeated
• For uniformity We use training.
• Feed back – Improvement
– Customer
– Int developers (process & internal customer)
• Quality
– Degree to which requirements are met.
– User needs are satisfied.
 Process improvement
• Improved process should answer
– Why defect was not found
– What should be added in process
• SDLC
– Each phase produces product milestones
– Library of templates
– reviews
• Questions
– Where error occurs
– When and how error occur
– What should have been done to detect errors
– When and at what cost error was corrected
– What was cause, should be done for prevention.
 7 Quality Tools
• Pareto
• Bar graph
• Relative importance (of
problems)
– Used for
• Selecting starting point
• Monitor changes
• Identify basic cause

% of Total

Ana Des CM
 Histogram
• show distribution of variables
• Example :
– line up by height a group of people in a course.
– One would be tallest and one would be the
shortest
– There would be a cluster of people around an
average height.
– This tool helps identify the cause of problems in a
process by the shape of the distribution as well as
the width of the distribution.
 Run chart
• Spread numbers over time, in order they
occurred.
• Shows the history and pattern of variation.
• It is helpful to indicate on the chart
whether up is good or down is good.
• Used at the beginning of the change
process to see what the problems are.
• Used at the end (check) part of the change
process to see whether the change has
resulted in a permanent improvement.

Time
between
failure

Failure number
 Cause Effect Diagram (fish bone
diagram)

• Ishakowa chart after the man who

popularized its use in Japan.
• Its most frequent use is to list the cause
of particular problems.
• The lines coming off the core horizontal
line are the main causes and the lines
coming off those are sub causes.
 Facility Audio/Visual
Projector
Already in use
Wrong type
Screen

Problems
with Design
review
Attendance
No records
Forgot
No guidelines Not prepared Wrong person
Not notified
Methods Participants
 Scatter diagram
• Shows the pattern of relationship between
two variables that are thought to be related.
• Example
– is their a relationship between out side temperature
and cases of the common cold?
– As temperatures drop, do colds increase. The
closer the points hug a diagonal line the more
closely there is a one to one relationship.
Relative # of errors in inspections
decrease As unit size increase
 Control Chart
• A line chart with control limits.
• Advance form of run chart.
• Has a central line & two control limit lines.
• If value measures is with in limits ?
 Flow Charts
• List the order of activities.
• The circle symbol indicates the
beginning or end of the process.
• The box indicates action items and the
diamond indicates decision points.
• A beneficial technique is to map the
ideal process and the actual process
and identify the differences as targets
for improvements.
 Check Sheet
• Data collection mechanism
• Source of information where data
analysis can provide insight of process.
• Paper form with printed items to be
checked.
• Main purpose is to gather data easily
• Also called check list.
 Strategic planning for quality
improvement
• Awareness
• Understanding
• Vision
• Plan
• Train
• Support
• Reward/Recognize