GROUP 3

PRESENTATION

Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, and Landslides

“Natural Calamities what are Hazzards? And What TO DO?and Not TO DO?”
 What • Earthquake Hazzards!
Ground Shaking
Happens If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking intensity,
structures like buildings, bridges and dams can be severley damaged,

during The and cliffs and sloping ground destabilised.

said
Natural
Calamities?

Tsunami
Tsunamis are long wavelength oceanic
waves generated by the sudden displacement of
seawater by a shallow earthquake, volcanic eruption
or submarine landslide
• Earthquake Hazzards!
Landslides and Rockfalls
Groundshaking due to earthquakes destabilises cliffs and
steep slopes, causing landslides and rockfalls as a significant side-effect.
Heavy rain and unconsolidated or fractured rock are exacerbating
factors.
Subsidence and Lateral Spreading
Subsidence, or lowering of the ground
surface, often occurs during earthquakes. This may be due
to downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault,
and can sometimes affect a huge area of land. Coastal
areas can become permanently flooded as a result.
Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when waterlogged sediments are
agitated by seismic shaking. This separates the grains from
each other, reducing their load bearing capacity. Buildings
and other structures can sink down into the ground or tilt
over, whilst underground pipes and tanks may rise up to the
surface.
Volcanic Eruptions! Lahars
Pyroclastic Density Currents are part of the family of debris flows that are fluids
are are gravity-driven, rapidly composed of mixtures of water and particles of all sizes from clay-size to
moving, ground-hugging mixtures of rock gigantic boulders. The abundance of solid matter carries the water,
fragments and hot gases. This mixture forms a unlike watery floods where water carries the fragments. Debris flows
dense fluid that moves along the ground with an have the viscous consistency of wet concrete, and there is a complete
upper part that is less dense as particles fall transition to watery floods.
toward the ground. The behavior of the fluid
depends upon the solids concentration relative to
the amount of hot gases . High concentration
density flows are called "pyroclastic flows" and
are essentially nonturbulent and confined to
valleys.
Debris-flow Avalanches
The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18,
1980 started with a relatively small volcanic
earthquake that caused collapse of the north side
of the volcano because it was oversteepened and
therefore unstable. When the landslide occurred,
it decreased the pressure on the pressurized
interior of the volcano which expanded
explosively to form a lateral blast that devastated
the countryside north of the volcano.
Lava flows
Lava flows rarely threaten human life because lava usually moves slowly -- a
few centimeters per hour for silicic flows to several km/hour for basaltic
flows. An exceptionally fast flow (extremely rare) at Mt. Nyiragongo, Zaire
(30-100 km/hour), overwhelmed about 300 people. Major hazards of lava
flows -- burying, crushing, covering, burning everything in their path.
Sometimes lava melts ice and snow to cause floods and lahars. Lava flows
can dam rivers to form lakes that might overflow and break their dams
causing floods. Methods for controlling paths of lava flows: construct
barriers and diversion channels, cool advancing front with water, disruption
of source or advancing front of lava flow by explosives.
Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles formed on
Land
Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of
any size and origin. It is a synonym for "pyroclastic
material." Tephra ranges in size from ash (<2 mm) to lapilli
(2-64 mm) to blocks and bombs (>64 mm). Densities vary
greatly, from that of pumice (<0.5)) to solid pieces of lava
with density about 3.0. Blocks from basement material
may exceed 3.0. Material may be juvenile (formed of
magma involved in the eruption ) or accidental (derived
from pre-existing rock).Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles
endanger life and property by (1) the force of impact of
falling fragments, but this occurs only close to an
eruption, (2) loss of agricultural lands if burial is greater
than 10 cm depth, (3) producing suspensions of fine-
grained particles in air and water which clogs filters and
vents of motors, human lungs, industrial machines, and
nuclear power plants, and (4) carrying of noxious gases,
acids, salts, and, close to the vent, heat. Burial by tephra
can collapse roofs of buildings, break power and
communication lines and damage or kill vegetation. Even
thin (<2 cm) falls of ash can damage such critical facilities
as hospitals, electic-generating plants, pumping stations,
storm sewers and surface-drainage systems and sewage
treatment plants, and short circuit electric-transmission
facilities, telephone lines, radio and television
transmitters. When dispersed widely over a drainage
basin, tephra can change rainfall/runoff relationships. Low
permeability of fine ash deposits leads to increased runoff,
accelerated erosion, stream-channel changes and
hazardous floods. In contrast, thick, coarse-grained
deposits closed to the source can increase infiltration
capacity and essentially eliminate surface runoff.
Volcanic Gas Tsunamis
Magma is molten rock containing A tsunami is a long-period sea wave or wave train generated by a sudden
dissolved gases that are released to the
displacement of water. Tsunamis travel at very high speeds through deep water as
atmosphere during an eruption and while the
magma lies close to the surface from low broad waves and build to great heights as they approach the shallow bottom of
hydrothermal systems. The most abundant shores. Most are caused by fault displacements on the sea floor, but many have been
volcanic gas is water vapor; other important caused by volcanic action.
gases are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and
fluorine
 Practical ways • There are many practical and obvious ways on how to
cope with natural geological hazards, such as
of coping with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Some

geological of these are the following:

• 1. You do not live near critical areas, such as fault
hazards caused lines or within the vicinity of an active volcano.

by • 2. You prepare long term plans if such eventualities

earthquakes,
arise.
• 3. Practice, practice, and practice. Take part in drills.
volcanic
eruptions, and
landslides
 What are • The Human Activities that speeds up or Trigger
Landslide is Heavy Mining on the Base of a mountain

human and Loggers where they cut many Trees and not
Replanting a New One And One Is 'Kaingin' where they

activities Burn Trees May It Be A Mountain full of Trees.

• Deforestation

that speed • Excavation

up or • Land use (e.g. construction of roads, houses etc.)

• Mining and Quarrying

trigger • Land Pollution

landslides?
Deforestation EXCAVATION
Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is -the action or process of excavating
the removal of a forest or stand of trees -a cavity formed by cutting, digging, or scooping
where the land is
thereafter converted to a non-forest
use.
Suggestion of • Tree planting, Stop illegal logging, Plant more trees
if you see a illegal loggers report them, don't cut trees
ways to help don't dig a big holes or just small holes because it can
be big
lessen the • Clean out ditches and culverts so that stormwater will

occurrence of flow through them freely.

• Make sure your house downspouts are not flowing
landslides in onto any fill slopes.

your
community
WALA NA,
FINISH NA!