An Initiative with a Difference

QUANTATIVE APTITUDE, PUZZLES,

ANALYTICAL or LOGICAL REASONING

• Analytical reasoning questions

are based on a fictional situation
described by a group of rules or
conditions that establishes
relationships among persons,
places,things, or
events.Analytical questioning
falls in three categories
:Order,Inclusion,Causation.
 Data Sufficiency
Data Sufficiency questions test your ability to
"reason quantitatively." This stands in sharp
contrast to the problem solving section, which
is designed to test how well you manipulate
numbers. If you find yourself doing a lot of
number crunching on the data sufficiency
questions, you are doing something wrong.
 The Answer Choices
Data Sufficiency questions will all have the exact same
answer choices. Memorize these answer choices before
you take the exam. It will help you better utilize your time
in the quantitative section. The answer choices are
summarized below as you will see them on the exam.
A. Statement 1 alone is sufficient but statement 2 alone is not
sufficient to answer the question asked.
B. Statement 2 alone is sufficient but statement 1 alone is not
sufficient to answer the question asked.
C. Both statements 1 and 2 together are sufficient to answer
the question but neither statement is sufficient alone.
D. Each statement alone is sufficient to answer the question.
E. Statements 1 and 2 are not sufficient to answer the
question asked and additional data is needed to answer
the statements.
The following table summarizes how
elimination functions with Data Sufficiency
problems.

Statement Choices Eliminated

(1) is sufficient B, C, E

(1) is not sufficient A, D

(2) is sufficient A, C, E

(2) is not sufficient B, D

(1) is not sufficient and (2) is not sufficient A, B, D

If k is a positive integer, is k a multiple of 40 ?
    Statement (1)  k is multiple of 4
    Statement (2)  k is a multiple of 10
The correct answer is choice (5).
You're asked about whether k is a multiple of 40. This will be true if k is
divisible by 40.
Statement 1 tells you that k is a multiple of 4. That means that k could
be, for instance, 8 or 80. 8 is not a multiple of 40 while 80 is a multiple
of 40, so Statement 1 is not sufficient to answer the question in the
stem.
Statement 2 tells you that k is a multiple of 10. That means that k could
be, for instance, 20 or 80. 20 is not a multiple of 40 while 80 is a
multiple of 40, so Statement 2 is not sufficient to answer the question in
the stem.
Now combine the statements. This is the tricky part. You might have
assumed that since 40 is the product of 4 and 10, that k must be a
multiple of 40. But again, try finding a number that's a multiple of both 4
and 10, but not of 40. In fact, k could equal 20. So the statements, even
when combined, are not sufficient to tell you whether k is a multiple of
40 or not.
 Data Sufficiency

The set S of numbers has the following

properties: I) If x is in S, then 1/x is in S.
II) If both x and y are in S, then so is x + y.

Is 3 in S? (1) 1/3 is in S. (2) 1 is in S.

 Data Sufficiency

Are the majority of salespeople employed by XYZ

Company commissioned?
1. The number of salespeople employed by XYZ
Company exceeds the number of employees at
XYZ Company who are not salespeople.
2. The percentage of XYZ Company's salespeople
who are commissioned exceeds the percentage of
employees at XYZ Company who are salespeople.
1. This problem involves the concept of proportion.
2. In order to answer the question posed here, you need
information about the number of commissioned
salespeople relative to the number of non-
commissioned salespeople.
How much more does it cost to send a parcel weighing 16.5 pounds
by express delivery than to send the same parcel by ground delivery?
(A) $3.45
(B) $9.00
(C) $11.55
(D) $15.00
(E) $16.60
By approximately what percent does the average air delivery cost per
pound for a 21-pound parcel exceed the average ground delivery cost
per pound for a 28-pound parcel?
(A) 33
(B) 46
(C) 67
(D) 80
(E) 130
Marketing expenses trailed production expenses by about the same
percentage during which of the following two years?
(A) 1990 and 1992
(B) 1991 and 1992
(C) 1991 and 1993
(D) 1992 and 1993
(E) 1990 and 1994
Consider aggregate legal and production expenses for each year shown.
With respect to the two years during which this aggregate amount was
most nearly the same, average annual marketing expenses totaled
approximately
(A) $5.5 million
(B) $6.1 million
(C) $6.5 million
(D) $7.2 million
(E) $8.0 million
 Probability = (# of favorable outcomes) / (# of
possible outcomes)

• Example 2. Two fair six-sided dice are

rolled; what is the probability of having 5 as
the sum of the numbers?
• Solution
• There are 36 possible outcomes when a pair
of dice is thrown (six outcomes for the first
die times six outcomes for the second one).
Since four of the outcomes have a total of 5
[(1,4), (4,1), (2,3), (3,2)], the probability of the
two dice adding up to 5 is 4/36 = 1/9.
 Probability of Multiple Events

• NOT tool
• If you know that the probability of an event (or one of the outcomes) is p,
the probability of this event NOT happening (or the probability of it NOT
having this given outcome), is (1-p).
• p(not A) + p(A) = 1
• AND tool
• If two (or more) independent events are occurring, and you know the
probability of each, the probability of BOTH (or ALL) of them occurring
together (event A and event B and event C etc) is a multiplication of
their probabilities. p(A and B) = p(A) * p(B) p(A and B and C ... and Z) =
p(A) * p(B) * p(C) * ... * p(Z) Suppose I will only be happy today if I get
an email and win the lottery. I've a 90% chance to get an email and
0.1% chance to win the lottery. What are my chances for happiness?
Since email and lottery are independent (getting an email doesn't
change my lottery chances, and vice versa), we can use the AND tool:
p(email and lottery) = p(email) * p(lottery) = 90% * 0.1% = 0.09%; So I
have 9 chances in 10,000... Not bad.
 Probability of Multiple Events

• OR tool
• If two (or more) incompatible events are occurring, the
probability of EITHER of them occurring (event A or event B
or event C etc) is a sum of their probabilities.
• p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B) p(A or B or C ... or Z) = p(A) + p(B) +
... + p(Z) Incompatible means that they can't happen
together, i.e. p(A and B) = 0. In case of two compatible
events, the OR tool looks a bit more complicated:
• p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A and B) If we know that A and B
are independent, we can apply AND tool to rewrite:
• p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A) * p(B) Suppose I will now be
happy in both cases - either getting an email or winning the
lottery. What are my chances to happiness now? p(email or
lottery) = p(email) + p(lottery) - p(email) * p(lottery) = 90% +
0.1% - 0.09% = 90.01%; My chances are 9,001 in 10,000
now. I'd rather choose this one.
 ORDER
• A sales representative plans to visit each of 6 companies-
M, N, P, Q, R, S exactly once during the course of one
day.He is setting up his schedule for the day according to
the following conditions:
• 1.He must visit M before N and before R
• 2.He must visit N before Q
• 3.The third company he visits must be P.

• Which of the following could be the order in which the

sales representative visits the six companies?
• A) M,R,N,Q,P,S
• B)M,S,P,N,R,Q
• C)P,R,M,N,Q,S
• D)P,S,M,R,Q,N
• E)Q,N,P,R,S,M
 ORDER
• Three men (Tom, Peter and Jack) and three women
(Eliza, Anne and Karen) are spending a few months at a
hillside. They are to stay in a row of nine cottages,
each one living in his or her own cottage. There are no
others staying in the same row of houses.
• Anne, Tom and Jack do not want to stay in any cottage,
which is at the end of the row.
• Eliza and Anne are unwilling to stay besides any
occupied cottage..
• Karen is next to Peter and Jack.
• Between Anne and Jack’s cottage there is just one
vacant house.
• None of the girls occupy adjacent cottages.
• The house occupied by Tom is next to an end cottage.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TOM KAREN PETER JACK ANNE ELIZA
Anne, Tom and Jack Tom Tom Eliza

X O X O

1. How many of them occupy cottages next to a

vacant cottage ?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
Ans : C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TOM KAREN PETER JACK ANNE ELIZA
Anne, Tom and Jack Tom Tom Eliza
X O X O

1. Which among these statement(s) are true ?

I. Anne is between Eliza and Jack.
II. At the most four persons can have occupied
cottages on either side of them. .
III. Tom stays besides Peter.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. I, II and III
Ans : C
 INCLUSION
• Two collectors Ram and Lakshman are each selecting a
group of three wild life prints from a group of seven prints-
T,U,V,W,X,Y, and Z. No print can be in both groups. The
selection made by Ram and Lakshman are subject to
following restrictions:
» If U is in Ram’s group W must be in
Lakshman’s group.
» If X is in Ram’s group then Z must be in
Lakshman’s group.
» T and Z cannot be in the same group.
» W and Y cannot be in the same group.
• If X is in Ram’s group any one of the following could be in
Lakshman’s group except:
» A)T
» B)U
» C)V
» D)W
» E)Z
 CAUSATION

• A scientist is conducting an experiment with seven

substances:F,G,M,N,O,R,and X
• O destroys R if either X or M is present.
• G and F together produce R
• M produces N
• X is destroyed by F if N is present

• If F,O,R ,and X are present which of the following must

happen:

• A) F destroys X
• B)F produces R
• C)O destroys R
• D)O produces M
• E)X destroys N
 R
R
R
O
X M G F
X or M G &F

N F

M N

• If F,O,R ,and X are present which of the following must happen:

• A) F destroys X
• B)F produces R
• C)O destroys R
• D)O produces M
• E)X destroys N
WHO'S TELLING THE TRUTH?
A says B lies.
B says C lies.
C says A & B both lie.
Is anyone telling the truth?

If A is telling the truth, then B's lie means that C is telling

the truth.
If A is lying then B is telling the truth.If B is telling the
truth, then A must have lied.
That also means that C is lying,which IS possible since he
said that BOTH A and B were lying, and that is a lie about
B.
So B alone is telling the truth.
A recent murder case centered around six men Mark, Fillip, Graham, Walt, Hunt and Clark
who play the roles of Murderer, Victim, Witness, Judge, Policeman, Hang man, but not in the
same order. The victim died instantly.The witness did not see the crime committed but swore to
hearing the altercation followed by a shot.After a lengthy trial the murderer was convicted and
sentenced to death and hanged.

1. Mark knew both the victim and the murderer.

2. In court judge asked Clark to give his account of the shooting
3. Walt was last of the six to see Fillip alive.
4. The Police man testified that he picked up Graham near the place where the body was found.
5. Hunt and Walt never met.
What role did each of the following play in the melodrama?
 Murderer
 Victim
 Judge
 Witness

Mark Fillip Graham Walt Hunt Clark

Murderer X O O
Victim X O O
Witness O
Judge O X
Policeman X O
Hang man O
Sherlock Holmes and Dr.Watson were on the trail of a gang of
criminals.The gang consisted of four men:Jones,Brown,Smith,and
White.Two of them were known as bank robbers,another a known
forger,and the fourth a blackmailer.Observed by holmes,the four men
boarded a train and sat in separate compartments which were numbered
1,2,3,and 4.Jones,who wasn’t a bank robber sat in compartment 2.White
was in compartment number 3 and the forger in compartment 1.Holmes
also knew that Smith had worked with one of the bank robbers in the
past but not the other.
Can you identify the forger?

Jones Brown Smith White

bank robbers X O X O
forger X O
blackmailer O

1 2 3 4
bank robbers O O
forger O
blackmailer O
Smith Jones White Brown
Store Elevator
Six people go into a store through the underground car park going to
floors
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Each person goes to a different floor in the same
elevator,which goes up stopping at each floor. Eddie's ride is the longest.
Angie gets out before Frankie but after Debbie. Charlie gets out first.
Barbie leaves before Debbie, who leaves at the third floor.
At what floor does each person leave?

1 2 3 4 5 6
Charlie Barbie Debbie Angie Frankie Eddie

Solution

Charlie leaves at the 1st floor.

Barbie leaves at the 2nd floor.
Debbie leaves at the 3rd floor.
Angie leaves at the 4th floor.
Frankie leaves at the 5th floor.
Eddie leaves at the 6th floor.
Kim Jones,Jan, Robinson & Pat Smithare are the officers of the
spaceship.They serve as the craft’s pilot engineer and biochemist, though
not necessarily in the same order. Because they have difficulty with
Martians names, they nickname the 3 Martians who work with them as
Jones, Smith & Robinson.
1. Robinson is a Yomi.
2. Jones doesn’t speak any language other than Martian.
3. All Martians linguists are Uti.
4. The Martian, who serves as interpreter , respects the Martian whose
name is the same as the biochemists
5. The Martian whose name is same as the biochemist is a Grundi.
6. Jan Robinson beat the engineer at Chess.

Who is the Pilot?

Kim Jones Jan Robinson Pat Smithare
pilot O
engineer X O
biochemist O X

Jones Smith Robinson

Uti X O
Yomi O
Grundi O
 A Jeweler is preparing a window to display gems. There is a left
display case & a right display case. In each display case, he will
show 3 of the 7 gems: an amethyst, a diamond, an emerald, a
garnet, an opal, a ruby and a sapphire. The gems must be shown
as per the following instructions:-
--The amethyst must be included in the window & shown in the
left display case.
--The diamond must be included in the window & shown in the
right display case.
--The ruby can neither be shown in the same display case as the
diamond or garnet.
--The emerald and the sapphire must be included in the window
& shown together in the same display case.

LEFT
amethyst emerald sapphire
amethyst ruby opal
amethyst garnet opal
RIGHT
diamond emerald sapphire
diamond garnet opal
LEFT
amethyst emerald sapphire
amethyst ruby opal
amethyst garnet opal
RIGHT
diamond emerald sapphire
diamond garnet opal

1. Which one of the following combinations of gems can be shown in the

left display case?
a. Amethyst, opal , ruby
b. Amethyst, emerald, opal
c. Amethyst garnet sapphire
d. Amethyst, diamond, ruby
e. Diamond, emerald, sapphire
LEFT
amethyst emerald sapphire
amethyst ruby opal
amethyst garnet opal
RIGHT
diamond emerald sapphire
diamond garnet opal

1. Which one of the following combinations of

gems can be shown in the right display case?
a. Diamond, garnet, opal
b. Diamond, garnet, ruby
c. Diamond ruby, sapphire
d. Amethyst, diamond, opal
e. Diamond, emerald, garnet
LEFT
amethyst emerald sapphire
amethyst ruby opal
amethyst garnet opal
RIGHT
diamond emerald sapphire
diamond garnet opal

1. If sapphire is shown in the left display case,

which one of the following pairs could be shown
in the right display case?
a. Emerald & garnet
b. Garnet & opal
c. Amethyst & emerald
d. Opal & ruby
e. Emerald & ruby
LEFT
amethyst emerald sapphire
amethyst ruby opal
amethyst garnet opal
RIGHT
diamond emerald sapphire
diamond garnet opal

1. If sapphire is shown in the right display case,

which one of the following pairs could be shown
in the left display case?
a. Emerald & garnet
b. Emerald & opal
c. Emerald & diamond
d. Garnet & ruby
e. Opal & ruby
 WORD PROBLEMS
The most difficult part of a word problem is
correctly translating words to an algebraic
equation. Here are our best tips for approaching
word problems:
1) First, choose a variable to stand for the least
unknown quantity and then write the other
unknown quantities in terms of that variable.
2) Second, write an equation based on the
situation given. Most test problems pivot on two
quantities being equal.
3) Solve the equation and interpret the result.
Examples:

1) A certain book costs $12 more in the local retail bookstore than on
Amazon.com.
If Amazon's price is 2/3 of the retail price, how much does the book cost
retail?
Solution: We are told to determine the retail price, R.
From the narrative, we know that:
Retail Price R = Amazon price + 12, or R = 2/3 R + 12
Solving for R, we find that the retail price is $36.00

2) During a spill the amount of milk in a tank was reduced by a third.

If the amount of milk in the tank was 48,000 gallons immediately after the
spill, how many gallons of milk were lost during the spill?

Solution: We are told that one third of the milk was spilled,
leaving 48,000 gallons.
Let M equal the total amount originally in the tank:
M - 1/3 (M) = 48,000
M = 72,000
The amount lost is 1/3 of 72,000, or 24,000 gallons
A restaurant has 27 employees. If there are seven more
waitresses than managers, how many employees are
waitresses?
Solution: Let W be the number of waitresses, which is
what we are being asked to calculate. We know that the
number of waitresses plus the number of managers = 27.
We also know there are 7 more waitresses than managers.
This translates to:
Managers + 7 = W or Managers = W - 7
Substitute this into the first equation to get:
(W - 7) + W = 27
Solving for W, we find W = 17. There are 17 waitresses in
the restaurant and 10 managers, totaling 27 employees.

One advantage to the test problems is that the correct

answer will ALWAYS be listed as one of your answer
choices.
The length of each side of square A is increased by 100% to
make square B. If the length of the side of square B is
increased by 50% to make square C, by what percent is
the area of square C greater than the sum of the areas of
squares A and B?
(A) 75%
(B) 80%
(C) 100%
(D) 150%
(E) 180

Choice B is correct. We begin by choosing 10 as the

length for a side of square A. This makes the length of a
side of square B = 20, and the length of a side of C = 30.
The area of squares A, B and C are 100, 400 and 900,
respectively. The area of C is greater than the sum of the
area of A and B by 400, or (900 - 500). The percentage
difference is 400/500 x 100 = 80%.
If the diameter of a circle increases by 50%, by what
percent will the area of the circle increase?

(A) 25%
(B) 50%
(C) 100%
(D) 125%
(E) 225%

Choice D is correct. The fastest way to solve is to

select values for the diameter of the circle and determine
the effect on the area. If the diameter is 4, the radius is 2
and the area is 4 times pi. Increasing the diameter by
50% to 6, makes the new radius = 3, and the new area is
9 times pi. The percent increase is (9-4) / 4 = 5/4, or
125%.
Joe and Alex are 4 miles apart. If Joe starts walking toward Alex
at 3 miles per hour and at the same time Alex starts walking
toward Joe at 2 miles per hour, how much time will pass
before they meet?
(A) 20 minutes
(B) 28 minutes
(C) 43 minutes
(D) 48 minutes
(E) 60 minutes
Choice D is correct. The distance Joe walks is x. This
makes the distance Alex walks 4 - x. When they meet, each
will have walked an equal amount of time. Using the equation
Distance = Rate x Time, we get:
Time = Distance/Rate
Joe's time = Alex's time
x/3 = (4 - x) / 2.
Solving for x, the total distance walked is x = 12/5. Plugging this
number back into the rate equation yields: T = D/R = (12/5) / 3
= 4/5 of an hour, or 48 minutes.
Theresa is 10 years older than Cindy. However, 5 years ago,
Theresa was twice as old as Cindy. How old is Cindy?

(A) 5
(B) 10
(C) 12
(D) 15
(E) 25

Choice D is correct. Let x be Cindy's age and x + 10

be Theresa's age.
5 years ago Cindy's age was x - 5 and Theresa's age was
(x + 10) - 5 = x + 5. At that time, Theresa was twice as old as
Cindy, giving us the following equation: x + 5 = 2(x - 5)
solving for x, we get x = 15.
If crate Q contains only sweaters, how many sweaters are
in the crate?
(1) If one quarter of the sweaters were removed, the crate
would be filled to one half its capacity
(2) If 100 sweaters were added to the crate, it would be full
While neither statement alone allows us to answer the
question, with both pieces of information, we can
determine the number of sweaters in the crate. By
combining the capacity of the crate with details of its
contents, we can determine the current number of
sweaters inside.
Let x be the no. of sweaters in a full crate.Let y be the no.of
sweater as in situation 1.Then.75y=.5x. or x=1.5 y
As per situation 2 . y+100=x.
Solving for y . y+100=1.5y or 1.5y-y=100 or .5y=100 or
y=200 and x=300.
BIRDS IN A TREE
Twenty-one birds are sitting in a tree. If a
man shot into the tree and killed one-seventh
of them, how many would remain?
Zero. After killing three birds (one-seventh),
the other 18 would surely fly away, leaving
none in the tree.
What's the next number in this series?
    4   16   37   58   89   145   42   20   (?)

4. The series consists of the sum of the

squares of the digits of the previous number.
16 = (4*4)
37 = (1*1)+(6*6)
58 = (3*3)+(7*7)
and so on.
So the next number would be 4, and the
series repeats.
You have an appointment to meet your
friend, the logic professor during the winter
holidays when she is on vacation. Today is
Saturday. She has told you to meet her three
days after the day before the day after
tomorrow. What day does she expect you?
Solution:
Day after tomorrow is Monday us today is
Saturday. Day before the day after tomorrow
is Sunday. Three days after Sunday is a
Wednesday
BANANAS AND TARANTULAS
There are three boxes in a South American warehouse,
one marked "Tarantulas," one marked "Bananas," and the third
marked "Tarantulas and Bananas." You are told that all three
boxes are marked wrong, and you must rearrange the labels
correctly. Without peeking, you may withdraw only one item from
each box.
What is the minimum number of boxes from which you would
have to
remove an item in order to be able to correctly label all three?

There are two key elements here: ALL the boxes are labeled
wrong, and you pick from the one marked "Bananas and
Tarantulas."
Doing so will allow you to determine the contents of all three
boxes in ONE PICK with absolute certainty:
If the B&T pick is a banana, then that box can only be bananas
(remember, it's labeled wrong). That means the B box is
tarantulas, and the T box is bananas & tarantulas.
You have 9 golf balls, 8 of which are equal in weight.
The ninth is slightly heavier then the rest.
You also have a balancing scale.
How can you use this scale two times and only two times
in order to tell which ball is heavier?
Solution:
Separate the balls into 3 groups of 3.
Place 3 balls on the left side of the scale and 3 balls on the right.
If they balance out, you know that the heavier ball is not one of
those 6.
If one side is heavier, you know that the heavier ball is one of
those 3.

Now for your second use of the scale, place one of the remaining
3
balls on the left and one on the right. If they are equal, then it is
the ball that was left out that is heavier. If either side is heavier,
then that is the heavier ball.
I started 2 watches at the same time & found
that one of them , was running slow by 2mts
per hr., while the other was running fast by
one mt. per hr. When I looked at them again,
the faster one was exactly one hr ahead of the
other. How long had the watches been
running?
Solution:
At zero time say 12 noon watch 1 was behind
by 2 minutes and watch 2 ahead by 1 minute.
In other words watch 2 was ahead of watch1
by 3 minutes. If watch 2 was ahead of watch 1
by one hour the watches must have run for
(60/3-1) hours or 19 hours.
A horse travels half its route, with no load,
at 12miles per hr. The rest of the journey a
load slows him to 4miles per hr. What is his
average speed?

SOLUTION:
Let x be the total distance. Let AS be
average speed.
Therefore X/2*12 + X/2*4=X/AS or
X/24+X/8=X/AS or 32X/192=X/AS.
1/6=1/AS or AS=6
Find the missing number in the following
sequences:
a)46,656,3125,256,27,----,1
b)3,10,7,8,---,12,9,16
Solution:a)4 1,2*2,3*3*3,4*4*4*4,….
b) 3,10,7,8,11,12,9,16
3+16=10+9=7+12=8+X
23 5 12 3 15 13 ?
Answer:WELCOME
100 365 24 60 ?
Answer: 60. 100 years in a century, 365 days in a year, 24
hours in a day, 60 minutes in an hour, & 60 seconds in a
minute.
3 10 21 44 65 102 ?
Answer:133. A very tough one! The numbers represent the
odd prime numbers, multiplied by the number for their place
in the series of odd prime numbers. 3 is the first odd prime
number, & because it is first, it is multiplied by 1; 5 is the
second odd prime number, & is thus multiplied by 2, which
yields 10, & so on.
667986?
Answer:8. Beginning with Sunday, each number
represents the number of letters in each day of the week.
 Mixtures and Alligation.
How many kgs of Basmati rice costing Rs.42/kg should a
shopkeeper mix with 25 kgs of ordinary rice costing Rs.24 per kg so
that he makes a profit of 25% on selling the mixture at Rs.40/kg?
(1) 20 kgs (2) 12.5 kgs (3) 16 kgs (4) 200 kgs
Correct Answer - (1)

Solution:

Let the amount of Basmati rice being mixed be x kgs. As the trader
makes 25% profit by selling the mixture at Rs.40/kg, his cost /kg of
the mixture = Rs.32/kg.

i.e. (x * 42) + (25 * 24) = 32 (x + 25)

=> 42x + 600 = 32x + 800
=> 10x = 200 or x = 20 kgs.
Example:

If Juan runs 4 km in 30 minutes, how many hours will it

take him to run 1 km?
Be careful not to confuse the units of measurement.
While Juan's rate of speed is given in terms of
minutes, the question is posed in terms of hours. Only
one of these units may be used in setting up a
proportion. To convert to hours, multiply
4 km/30 minutes × 60 minutes/1 hour = 8 km/1 hour
Now, let n be the number of hours it takes Juan to run
1 km. Then running 8 km in 1 hour is the same as
running 1 km in n hours. Solving the proportion,
8 km/1 hour = 1 km/n hours, we have 8 × n = 1, so n =
1/8.
 Multiplication and Division
If two positive numbers are multiplied together or
divided, the answer is positive.
If two negative numbers are multiplied together or
divided, the answer is positive.
If a positive and a negative number are multiplied
or divided, the answer is negative.
Examples
(-2) ÷ (-4) = ½
(8) ÷ (-2) = (-4)
2 × (-3) = (-6)
(-2) × (-2) = 4
A. BASIC ARITHMETIC
Perfect squares include 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36,
49, 64, 81, 100
Perfect cubes include 1, 8, 27, 64 and 125
Commutative property: x + y = y + x
Associative property: (x + y) + z = x + (y +
z)
Transitive property: If x < y and y < z, then
x<z
Like inequalities can be added: If x < y
and w < z, then x + w < y + z
Multiplying both sides of an inequality by
a negative number reverses the inequality:
If x > y and c < 0, then cx < cy
Common measurements and conversions:
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
1 quart = 2 pints
1 gallon = 4 quarts
1 pound = 16 ounces
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 liter = 1.06 quarts
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
Sum of the First n Natural Numbers
1+ 2+ ... + n = n(n+1) / 2, for n a natural number
Sum of the First n odd numbers=n2

Sum of the First n even Numbers=n*(n+1)

Sum of squares of First n Natural Numbers=
N*(n+1)*(2n+1)/6
Sum of cubes of First n Natural Numbers=
[n*(n+1)/2]2
 Permutation and Combination

• Permutation : Permutation means

arrangement of things. The word
arrangement is used, if the order of
things is considered.
• Combination: Combination means
selection of things. The word selection is
used, when the order of things has no
importance.
 Permutation and Combination
• Example:     Suppose we have to form a number
of consisting of three digits using the digits
1,2,3,4, To form this number the digits have to
be arranged. Different numbers will get formed
depending upon the order in which we arrange
the digits. This is an example of Permutation.
• Now suppose that we have to make a team of 11
players out of 20 players, This is an example of
combination, because the order of players in
the team will not result in a change in the team.
No matter in which order we list out the players
the team will remain the same! For a different
team to be formed at least one player will have
to be changed.
Addition rule : If an experiment can be performed in
‘n’ ways, & another experiment can be performed in
‘m’ ways then either of the two experiments can be
performed in (m+n) ways. This rule can be extended
to any finite number of experiments

Multiplication Rule : If a work can be done in m

ways, another work can be done in ‘n’ ways, then
both of the operations can be performed in m x n
ways. It can be extended to any finite number of
operations.
Factorial n : The product of first ‘n’ natural numbers
is denoted by n!.
            n!   = n(n-1) (n-2) ………………..3.2.1.
            Ex.       5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 =120
Permutation
Number of permutations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time is
given by:-
nPr       =            n!/(n-r)!
Number of permutations of ‘n’ different things taken all at a time is
given by:-
nPn               =         n!
Examples
Q. How many different signals can be made by 5 flags from 8-
flags of different colours?
Ans. Number of ways taking 5 flags out of 8-flage = 8P5
= 8!/(8-5)!
= 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 6720
Q. How many words can be made by using the letters of the word
“SIMPLETON” taken all at a time?
Ans. There are ‘9’ different letters of the word “SIMPLETON”
Number of Permutations taking all the letters at a time = 9P9
= 9! = 362880.
Number of Combination of ‘n’ different things, taken ‘r’ at a time is
given by:-
nCr= n! / r ! x (n-r)!
Restricted – Combinations
(a) Number of combinations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time,
when ‘p’ particular things are always included = n-pCr-p.
(b) Number of combination of ‘n’ different things, taken ‘r’ at a time,
when ‘p’ particular things are always to be excluded = n-pCr
Example: In how many ways can a cricket-eleven be chosen out of
15 players? if
(i) A particular player is always chosen,
(ii) A particular is never chosen.
Ans:
(i) A particular player is always chosen, it means that 10 players are
selected out of the remaining 14 players.
=. Required number of ways = 14C10 = 14C4
= 14!/4!x10! = 1001
(ii) A particular players is never chosen, it means that 11 players
are selected out of 14 players.
=> Required number of ways = 14C11
= 14!/11!x3! = 364
Question
A piece of equipment cost a certain factory Rs. 600,000. If it depreciates
in value, 15% the first year,
13.5 % the next year, 12% the third year, and so on, what will be its
value at the end of 10 years,
all percentages applying to the original cost?

(1) 2,00,000
(2) 1,05,000
(3) 4,05,000
(4) 6,50,000

Explanatory Answer
Let the cost of an equipment is Rs. 100. Now the percentages of
depreciation at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd years are 15, 13.5, 12, which
are in A.P., with a = 15 and d = - 1.5. Hence, percentage of depreciation
in the tenth year = a + (10-1) d = 15 + 9 (-1.5) = 1.5 .Also total value
depreciated in 10 years = 15 + 13.5 + 12 + ... + 1.5 = 82.5
Hence, the value of equipment at the end of 10 years=100 - 82.5 =
17.5. The total cost being Rs. 6,00,000/100 * 17.5 = Rs. 1,05,000.
 • Question
• The average age of a family of 5 members is 20 years. If the
age of the youngest member be 10 years then what was the
average age of the family at the time of the birth of the
youngest member?

1. 13.5
2. 14
3. 15
4. 12.5
Correct Answer is 12.5. Correct Choice is (4)

Explanatory Answer

At present the total age of the family = 5 * 20 = 100

The total age of the family at the time of the birth of the youngest member
= [100-10-(10*4)] = 50

Therefore, average age of the family at the time of birth of the youngest
member = 50/4 = 12.5.
A circle of maximum possible size is cut from a square sheet of board.
Subsequently, a square of maximum possible size is cut from the resultant
circle.
What will be area of the final square?

(1)75% of the of the original square

(2)50% of the size of the original square
(3)75% of the size of the circle
(4)25% of the size of the original square
Correct Answer - (2)
Solution:
Let the side of the original square be 'a' units. Therefore, the area of the
original square = a2 units.The diameter of the circle of maximum possible
dimension that is cut from the square will be 'a' units. The diagonal of the
square of maximum possible dimension that can be cut from the circle will
be 'a' units.If the diagonal of the final square is 'a' units, then its area =a2 /2
units.
Therefore, the area of the new square will be 50% of the area of the
original square.
A father left a will of Rs.35 lakhs between his two daughters aged
8.5 and 16 such that they may get equal amounts when each of
them reach the age of 21 years.The original amount of Rs.35 lakhs
has been instructed to be invested at 10% p.a. simple interest. How
much did the elder daughter get at the time of the will?
1)Rs. 17.5 lakhs
2)Rs. 21 lakhs
3)Rs. 15 lakhs
4)Rs. 20 lakhs
Correct Answer - (2)
Solution:
Let Rs.x be the amount that the elder daughter got at the time of
the will. Therefore, the younger daughter got (35- x).
The elder daughter’s money earns interest for (21 - 16) = 5 years
@ 10% p.a simple interest
The younger daughter’s money earns interest for (21 - 8.5) =
12.5 years @ 10% p.a simple interest.
As the sum of money that each of the daughters get when they
are 21 is the same
X+X*10*5/100 = (35-X)+(35-X)*10*5/100
The difference between the compound interest and the simple
interest on a certain sum at 12% p.a. for two years is Rs.90.
What will be the value of the amount at the end of 3 years?
(1) 9000
(2) 6250
(3) 8530.80
(4) 8780.80
Correct Answer - (4)
Solution:
The difference in the simple interest and compound interest for two
years is on account of the interest paid on the first year's interest,
when interest is reckoned using compound interest, interest being
compounded annually.
Hence 12% of simple interest = 90 => simple interest = 90/.12=750.
As the simple interest for a year = 750 @ 12% p.a., the principal =
750/.12= Rs.6250.
If the principal is 6250, then the amount outstanding at the end of 3
years = 6250 + 3(simple interest on 6250) + 3 (interest on simple
interest) + 1 (interest on interest on interest) = 6250 + 3(750) + 3(90) +
1(10.80) = 8780.80.
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower 30 m high, from two points on
the level ground on its opposite sides are 45 degrees and 60 degrees.
What is the distance between the two points?
(1) 30
(2) 51.96
(3) 47.32
(4) 81.96
Correct choice (3). Correct Answer - 47.32
Let OT be the tower.
Therefore, Height of tower = OT = 30 m
Let A and B be the two points on the level ground on the opposite side of
tower OT.
Then, angle of elevation from A = TAO = 45o and angle of elevation from
B = TBO = 60o Distance between AB = AO + OB = x + y (say)
Now, in right triangle ATO,tan 45o = OT/AO=30/x
=> x = 30/ tan 45o = 30 m
and in right traingle BTO tan 60o = OT/OB=30/y
=> y = 30/ tan 60o = 17.32 m
Hence, the required distance = x + y = 30 + 17.32 = 47.32 m
If a merchant offers a discount of 40% on the marked price of
his goods and thus ends up selling at cost price, what was
the % mark up?
1. 28.57%
2. 40%
3. 66.66%
4. 58.33%
Correct Answer - 66.66%. Choice (3)
Explanatory Answer
If the merchant offers a discount of 40% on the marked
price, then the goods are sold at 60% of the marked price.
The question further states that when the discount offered is
40%, the merchant sells at cost price. Therefore, selling @
40% discount = 60% of marked price (M) = cost price (C)
i.e., 60/100 * M=C
or M = 100/60 * C or M = 1.6666 C i.e., a mark up 66.66%
Two merchants sell, each an article for Rs.1000. If Merchant A
computes his profit on cost price, while Merchant B computes his profit
on selling price, they end up making profits of 25% respectively.
By how much is the profit made by Merchant B greater than that of
Merchant A?

Rs.66.67
Rs.50
Rs.125
Rs.200
Correct Answer - Rs.50. Choice (2)

Merchant B computes his profit as a percentage of selling price.

He makes a profit of 25% on selling price of Rs.1000. i.e. his profit = 25%
of 1000 = Rs.250.Merchant A computes his profit as a percentage of cost
price.Let C be the cost price.Therefore,C+.25C =1000.
C=1000/1.25=800.
Profit=1000-800=Rs200.
Hence, Merchant B makes Rs.50 more profit than Merchant A.
RATIO AND PROPORTION
A bag contains 50p,25p, and 10 p coins in the ratio 5:9:4 amounting to
Rs.206. Find the number of coins of each type?
Solution: Let the number of 50p,25p, and 10 p coins be 5x,9x,wx respectively.
Then 5x/2+9x/4+4x/10=206.
50x+45x+8x=4120. or x=40
Therefore number of 50p coins:5*40=200;Number of 25p coins=9*40=360;Number
of 10p coins:4*40=160.
Time and Work

Important Concepts:
If A can do a piece of work in n days ,the A’s I day’ work=1/n.
If A is 3 times as good as B then ratio of work done by A and B=3:1 and Ratio of
times taken by A and B to finish work=1:3

Example: Worker A takes 8 hours to do a job.Worker B takes 10 hours to the same

job. How long would it take both A and B working together but independently to
do the same job?
A’s 1 hours’ work-1/8.B’s 1 hours’ work=-1/10.
(A+B)’s 1 hours’ work=(1/8+1/10)=9/40.
Both A and B will finish the work in 40/9 hours.
PIPES AND CISTERNS
Inlet pipe fills a tank,cistern or reservoir.Outlet pipe empties a tank,cistern or
reservoir.
If a pipe can fill a tank,cistern or reservoir in x hours,or, minutes , or seconds then it
fills in part 1/x in hour,or, minute , or second.
If a pipe can empty a tank,cistern or reservoir in y hours,or, minutes , or seconds
then it fills in part 1/y in hour,or, minute , or second.
If a pipe can fill a tank,cistern or reservoir in x hours,or, minutes , or seconds and
another empties a tank in y hours ,or minutes, or seconds then net part filled is
(1/x-1/y) or (1/y-1/x). Why?
Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hours and 12 hours respectively while a third
emptiesthe full tank in 20 hours.If all the 3 pipes operate simultaneously , in how
much time will the tank be filled?
Solution:
Net part filled in 1 hour1/10+1/12-1/20)=8/60=2/15.The tank will be filled in 15/2
hours.
Alligation or Mixtures:
Concepts:
Alligation is a rule that enables us to find the ratio in which 2 or more ingredients at
the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
Mean Price:The cost price of unit quantity of the mixture
Alligation rule:If 2 ingredients are mixed then (qty.of cheaper/Qty. of dearer or
costlier)=(cost price of dearer - Mean Price)/(Mean Price – Cost Price of
Cheaper)
If from a container containing x units of a liquid y units are taken out and replaced
with water then after n operations the quantity of pure liquid=[x(1-y/x)n]

How much water must be added to 60 litres of milk to have a mixture worth Rs 10
and and2/3 a litre?Cost of 1 ½ litres of milk Rs.20
Cost of 1 litre of milk:Rs 20*2/3=Rs40/3
Mean Price:Rs 10 2/-3 =32/3
Ratio of water and milk=(40/3-32/3)32/3-0)=8/3:32/3=8:32=1:4
Therefore Qty. of water to be added to 60 litres of milk:1/4*60=15 litres.
Problems on trains:
A train is moving at a speed of 132 kmph.If the train length is 110 metres, how long
will it take to cross a railway platform 165 metres long?
Speed of train:132*1000/3600=110/3 metres per second.
Distance Covered in passing the platform:(110+165)=275 metres
Therefore time taken=275/(110/3)=3*275/110=15/2=7.5 seconds
Boats and Streams:
Direction along the stream downstream. Direction against the stream upstream.
If the speed of a boat in still water is u kmph and speed of the stream v kmph then
speed downstream:u+v)kmph
Spedd upstream:(:(u-v)kmph
If the speed upstream is u kmph and downstream is d kmph then speed in still
water: ½(d+u)
Speed of stream:1/2(d-u)

A man takes 3 hours 45 minutes to row a boat 15 km downstream of a river and 2

hours and 30 minutes to cover a distance of 5 kms upstream.Find the speed of
river current in kmph.
Rate downstream=15/(3 and ¾)=15/(15/4)=4 kmph.
Rate upstream=5/(2 and ½)=5/(5/2)=2 kmph.
Rate of stream=1/2*(4-2)= 1 kmph.
Distribution of leaflets and delivering speeches on government property should be
outlawed. Radicals and fanatics have no right to use public property when
peddling their unsavory views.
The argument above is based on the postulate
A. The general public has a special concern in the free exchange of different
political views.
B. Radicals and fanatics prefer the use of public property while propagating
their viewpoint.
C. Every person who hands out leaflets and delivers speeches is a radical or
fanatic.
D. Legal constraints which are applicable to one group need not be equally
applicable to all.
E. Any political activity, which hinders the proper functioning of the government
should not be protected by the law.
Ans : C
THANK YOU