TOOLS AND

TECHNIQUES OF
DATA
COLLECTION
• DATA: ARE INFORMATION, EVIDENCE OR FACTS
FROM WHICH YOU CAN DRAW CONCLUSIONS.
(SINGULAR IS DATUM).
• DATA COLLECTION: THE GATHERING OF
INFORMATION TO ADDRESS A RESEARCH PROBLEM.
• DATA COLLECTION METHOD: THE STRATEGY AND
SYSTEM USED TO GATHER INFORMATION ON
PARTICIPANTS, PROGRAMS AND OTHER ELEMENTS
OF THE EVALUATION.
 TYPES OF DATA

• QUANTITATIVE – NUMERICAL INFORMATION

• QUALITATIVE – DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION

 DATA COLLECTION PLAN
 WHAT DATA TO BE COLLECTED

 WHAT TECHNIQUES TO BE USED

 WHAT TOOL TO BE IMPLEMENTED

 EXPERTISE TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT

TOOL

 FEASIBILITY
TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION

 INTERVIEW

 SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE

 OBSERVATION

 BIO PHYSICAL METHODS

 ANALYSIS OF DATA/ RECORDS

TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
 QUESTIONNAIRE

 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

 OBSERVATION SCHEDULE

 CHECKLIST

 RATING SCALES

 MEASURING DEVICES

 STANDARDIZED TOOLS
 INTERVIEW

INTERVIEW IS A METHOD OF DATA

COLLECTION WHERE A DATA COLLECTOR

QUESTIONS THE SUBJECT VERBALLY

 WHEN IS IT DONE

 CANNOT OBSERVE DIRECTLY

 FEELINGS, INTENTION AND ACTION

 ACTION OF PAST

 UNSURE OF WHAT INFORMATION TO COLLECT

 CONVEY INTEREST, CONCERN, EMPATHY

 ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW

 MORE INFORMATION AND IN DEPTH

 NON RESPONSE IS LOW

 FLEXIBILITY TO RESTRUCTURE QUESTIONS

 OBSERVATION IS DONE

 CAN GET PERSONAL INFORMATION

 CAN USE THE LANGUAGE OF THE PERSON

 COLLECT SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

 DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW

 EXPENSIVE

 BIAS OF BOTH

 DIFFICULT TO APPROACH

 MAY NOT GET REQUIRED INFORMATION

 ONLY A SMALL SAMPLE COVERED

 TIME CONSUMING

 RECORDING –INADEQUATE, INACCURATE

 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
• STANDARDIZED (STRUCTURED): INTERVIEWERS ARE NOT
PERMITTED TO CHANGE THE SPECIFIC WORDINGS OF THE
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE QUESTIONS.

• NON-STANDARDIZED (UNSTRUCTURED): INTERVIEWERS HAVE

COMPLETE FREEDOM TO DEVELOP EACH INTERVIEW IN THE
MOST APPROPRIATE MANNER OF THE SITUATION.

• SEMI STANDARDIZED (SEMI STRUCTURED): INTERVIEWERS MAY

BE REQUIRED TO ASK A NUMBER OF QUESTIONS BUT BEYOND
THESE THEY ARE FREE TO PROBE AS THEY CHOOSE.
GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW
 FIX APPOINTMENT
 HOLD INTERVIEW AT RESPONDENTS’ SITE
 APPEARANCE
 INTRODUCE AND EXPLAIN PURPOSE, TIME REQUIRED
 PROMISE CONFIDENTIALITY & OBTAIN WILLINGNESS,
PERMISSION
 QUITE ATMOSPHERE & ENSURE PRIVACY
 ESTABLISH RAPPORT
 ALLOW 45 MINUTES BETWEEN INTERVIEW TO MAKE
NOTES.
 AWARE OF THE 3 TENSIONS RESPONDENT MAY
EXPERIENCE
- INTEREST, COMPETENCE AND PROPRIETY
 USE SMALL SAMPLE TO OBTAIN IN DEPTH INFORMATION
 RECORD SIMULTANEOUSLY
RECORDING OF INTERVIEW

 TAKING NOTES

 TAPE RECORD

 INTERVIEW LOG

 VIDEO RECORDING
 OBSERVATION
THE SYSTEMATIC SELECTION, OBSERVATION

AND RECORDING OF BEHAVIOURS, EVENTS AND

SETTINGS RELEVANT TO A PROBLEM UNDER

STUDY THROUGH OUR SENSES

 PURPOSES OF OBSERVATION
• OVERT BEHAVIOUR

• EVENTS & PERFORMANCE

• SOCIAL INTERACTION

• NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR

• ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

• PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
 ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION

 USED IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

 NO NEED FOR CONSENT
 VIEW OF COMPLETE SITUATION AND SEQUENCE OF
EVENTS
 CAN STOP AND BEGIN AT ANY TIME
 OBSERVE CURRENT HAPPENING
 CAN USE ASSISTANTS
 GREATER ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF DATA
 LESS DEMANDING OF ACTIVE COOPERATION
 DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION

 PRESENCE OF OBSERVER MAY INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOR

 DIFFICULT TO OBSERVE EVERYTHING

 CAREFUL ATTENTION, PERCEPTION IN OBSERVATION

NEEDED

 TIME CONSUMING

 DISTURBANCE AND INTERRUPTION

 TRAINING REQUIRED IF OBSERVERS ARE USED

 OBSERVATIONAL METHODS

• DIRECT/INDIRECT

• STRUCTURED/UNSTRUCTURED

• PARTICIPANT/NON PARTICIPANT

• CONTROLLED/UNCONTROLLED

• CONCEALED/NOT CONCEALED
RECORDING OBSERVATIONS

• USE SCHEDULE
• FIELD NOTES
• ANECDOTES
• VIDEOTAPE RECORDING
 QUESTIONNAIRE

A DATA COLLECTION METHOD WHERE THE

RESPONDENT WRITES HIS OR HER ANSWERS IN RESPONSE

TO A PRINTED QUESTIONS ON A DOCUMENT

 WHEN IT IS DONE

TO OBTAIN KNOWLEDGE, INFORMATION, FACTS,

IDEAS, OPINION, VIEWS, PROBLEMS FEELINGS AND

ATTITUDE ETC BY WRITTEN RESPONSES ( SELF REPORT)

 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES

1. OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

2. CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS

 OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

THEY ALLOW RESPONDENTS TO RESPOND IN THEIR

OWN WORDS

FOR EXAMPLE, “WHAT WAS THE BIGGEST PROBLEM

YOU FACED AFTER YOUR OPEN HEART SURGERY?”

 CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS
THEY OFFER RESPONDENTS A NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVE
REPLIES, FROM WHICH THE SUBJECTS MUST CHOOSE THE
ONE THAT MOST CLOSELY MATCHES THE APPROPRIATE
ANSWER
• DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS
• MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
• CAFETERIA QUESTIONS
• RANK ORDER QUESTIONS
• FORCED CHOICE QUESTIONS
• RATING QUESTIONS
• CHECK LISTS
• SCALES
• SCALES : A COMPOSITE MEASURE OF AN ATTRIBUTE
CONSISTING OF SEVERAL ITEMS THAT HAVE A
LOGICAL OR EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP TO EACH
OTHER, INVOLVES THE ASSIGNMENT OF A SCORE
TO PLACE SUBJECT ON A CONTINUUM WITH
RESPECT TO THE ATTRIBUTE
• RATING SCALE
• LIKERT SCALE
• VISUAL ANALOG SCALE
• SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
1. DICHOTOMOUS HAVE YOU EVER BEEN
QUESTION HOSPITALIZED?
1. YES
2. NO

2. MULTIPLE CHOICE HOW IMPORTANT IS IT TO YOU TO

QUESTION AVOID A PREGNANCY AT THIS TIME?
1. EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
2. VERY IMPORTANT
3. SOMEWHAT IMPORTANT
4. NOT IMPORTANT
3. CAFETERIA QUESTION PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT OPINIONS ABOUT THE USE OF
ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY FOR WOMEN AT
MENOPAUSE. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
BEST REPRESENTS YOUR POINT OF VIEW?
1. ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT IS DANGEROUS
AND SHOULD BE BANNED.
2. ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT HAS UNDESIRABLE
SIDE EFFECTS THAT SUGGEST THE NEED FOR
CAUTION IN ITS USE.
3. I AM UNDECIDED ABOUT MY VIEWS ON
ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT.
4. ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT HAS MANY
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS THAT MERITS ITS USE.
5. ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT IS A WONDER
TREATMENT THAT SHOULD BE
ADMINISTERED ROUTINELY TO MOST
MENOPAUSAL WOMAN.
4. RANK ORDER PEOPLE VALUE DIFFERENT THINGS IN LIFE.
QUESTION BELOW IS A LIST OF THINGS THAT MANY
PEOPLE VALUE. PLEASE INDICATE THEIR
ORDER TO IMPORTANCE TO YOU BY PLACING
A “1” BESIDE THE MOST IMPORTANT, “2”
BESIDE THE SECOND-MOST IMPORTANT, AND
SO ON.
- CAREER ACHIEVEMENT / WORK
- FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
- FRIENDSHIPS, SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS.
- HEALTH
- MONEY
- RELIGION
5. FORCED-CHOICE WHICH STATEMENT MOST CLOSELY
QUESTION REPRESENTS YOUR POINT OF VIEW?
1. WHAT HAPPENS TO ME IS MY OWN DOING.
2. SOMETIMES I FEEL I DON’T HAVE ENOUGH
CONTROL OVER MY LIFE.
6. RATING QUESTION ON A SCALE FROM 0 TO 10, WHERE 0 MEANS
“EXTREMELY DISSATISFIED” AND 10 MEANS
“EXTREMELY SATISFIED”, HOW SATISFIED WERE
YOU WITH THE NURSING CARE YOU RECEIVED
DURING YOUR HOSPITALIZATION?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EXTREMELY EXTREMELY
DISSATISFIED SATISFIED
 CHECKLIST
IT IS AN OBSERVATIONAL TOOL WHERE THE OBSERVER

RECORDS THE ABSENCE OR PRESENCE (OR FREQUENCY OF

OCCURRENCE) OF SPECIFIED AND BEHAVIOURS

CRITERIA ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER

STAFF WASHED HANDS BEFORE CANNULATION

 LIKERT SCALE
A TYPE OF COMPOSITE MEASURE OF ATTITUDES THAT
INVOLVES SUMMATION OF SCORES ON A SET OF ITEMS TO
WHICH RESPONDENTS ARE ASKED TO INDICATE THEIR DEGREE
OF AGREEMENT OR DISAGREEMENT

DIRECTION OF RESPONSES
ITEM
SCORING SA A ? D SD

+ 1. PEOPLE WHO HAVE HAD A MENTAL ILLNESS CAN

BECOME NORMAL, PRODUCTIVE CITIZENS AFTER
TREATMENT.

- 2. PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN PATIENTS IN MENTAL

HOSPITALS SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO HAVE
CHILDREN.
 SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
A TECHNIQUE USED TO MEASURE ATTITUDES THAT ASKS
RESPONDENTS TO RATE A CONCEPT OF INTEREST ON A SERIES
OF SEVEN POINT BIPOLAR RATING SCALE.

RESPONDENTS ARE ASKED TO PLACE A CHECK AT THE

APPROPRIATE POINT ON 7- POINT RATING SCALES THAT
EXTENDS FROM ONE EXTREME OF THE DIMENSION TO THE
OTHER.
NURSE PRACTITIONERS

COMPETENT 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 INCOMPETENT

WORTHLESS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VALUABLE

IMPORTANT UNIMPORTANT

PLEASANT UNPLEASANT
 VISUAL ANALOG SCALE

ANOTHER TYPE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURING

ATTITUDES IS THE VISUAL ANALOG SCALE (VAS). THIS HAS

COME INTO INCREASED USE IN CLINICAL SETTING TO

MEASURE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES SUCH AS PAIN, FATIGUE,

NAUSEA, AND DYSPNEA

 ADVANTAGES
• ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF MONEY AND TIME
• A LARGE SAMPLE CAN BE USED
• SAMPLE SCATTERED IN LARGE AREAS
• EASY TO ADMINISTER, TO REACH RESPONDENTS
• ANONYMITY IS ENSURED
• EASY DATA ANALYSIS
• INTERVIEW BIAS ELIMINATED
• ENOUGH TIME TO GIVE WELL THOUGHT ANSWER
 DISADVANTAGES
• CANNOT USE FOR ILLITERATES , CHILD AND ELDERLY

• MAY IGNORE OR REFUSE

• ANSWERS COULD BE VAGUE, INCOMPLETE, IRRELEVANT OR

OMISSION

• NOT READABLE, GOOD READING AND WRITING SKILL

NEEDED

• CAN’T CLARIFY IF THERE IS DOUBT AND CAN’T GO BACK

• NO CONTROL OVER QUESTION

• POTENTIAL FOR MISINTERPRETATION

 BIOPHYSICAL METHODS

• PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

• CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS

• MICROBIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

• ANATOMICAL/ CYTOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

TEMPERATURE, VOLUME, PRESSURE, WEIGHT AND HEIGHT

MECHANICAL MEASURES, SUCH AS STRENGTH AND SPEED

ELECTRICAL MEASURES, SUCH AS THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

OF ORGANS
 CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS

• HORMONE LEVELS

• SUGAR LEVELS

• ELECTROLYTE LEVELS
 MICROBIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

• BACTERIAL COUNTS AND IDENTIFICATION

 ANATOMICAL MEASUREMENTS

• X-RAYS

• TISSUE BIOPSIES

• COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCAN)