lue

V a
ur e
s
o Prevents a photo from under or over
p
Ex
○
exposure.
○ When the main subject is darker than
the background, increase exposure
value. If the subject is much lighter than
the background, decrease exposure
value.
 Suggested Exposure Value settings
 Bright sunlight coming over the back of you when taking a
photo: -0.3 or -0.7 EV compensation
 For shots with strong light coming behind the subject (back lit):
+0.7 or +1.0 EV
 Scene with bright sun: 0 to -2 EV
 Snow, beach or highly reflected water: -2/3 to -2 EV
 Close-up of white or yellow flower: -1/3 to -1 EV
 Dimly lit night sky: 0 to +2 EV
 Land or seascape taken just prior to dusk: 0 EV to +2/3
 Very dark or black objects: + 2/3 to +1 1/3
  The diameter of an
aperture is measured
in f-stops
 Aperture settings can  A lower f-stop number
be used creatively to opens the aperture
control depth of field. and admits more light
 How much of a photo is onto the camera
sharp in front and back sensor.
of where you focus on  Higher f-stop numbers
the main subject.
make the camera's
aperture smaller so
When an aperture is less light hits the
opened up by one f-
stop, the amount of light sensor.
which reaches the
sensor is doubled.
F-stops are expressed
in three different ways:
f/8, f-8, and 1:8.
Depth-of-field refers to how much of a
photo is sharp in front and back of
where you focus on the main subject.
DOF is primarily controlled by
aperture size though other factors
come into play such as the focal
length of the lens
More (deep) DOF
 Deep depth of field means that all or most
of the picture is in focus from front to back.
 The further away your camera is from the
subject, the greater the depth of field.
Less (shallow) DOF
 Less depth of field means a subject is in
focus but objects in front and behind it
appear out of focus.
 Less DOF is often desired when taking
portrait, close-up and macro shots.
 You can also make the background appear
out of focus by placing the subject close to
the camera and having the background far
away.
Depth of Field

To increase DOF
 For distant subjects
Higher F-stop numbers (smaller apertures)
Shorter focal lengths (wide angle)

To decrease DOF
 For close-ups
Lower F-stop numbers (larger apertures)
Longer focal lengths (zoomed in)

Depth of field (DOF) is primarily

controlled by aperture size. Other
factors also come into play such
as the focal length of the lens
 Aperture and Depth of Field (DOF)
AF area is on yellow pistils of flower in front
Shallow DOF Great DOF

Note how the use of a large aperture Using a small aperture (large
(small aperture value) throws the aperture value) extends the DOF
flowers in the background out of from the foreground all the way to
focus. Focus has to be precise. the background.

49.8 mm, Av, Spot, 1/30 sec., f/3.5, 49.6mm, Av, Spot, 1/5 sec., f/11,
+0.7EV, Macro, Tripod used +0.7EV, Macro, Tripod used
 Low ISO Settings High ISO settings

ISO 50-100 ISO 200 and above

More light needed Less light needed

ISO is the number indicating a

digital camera sensors Less noise Increased noise
sensitivity to light.

The higher the sensitivity, the More image detail Less image detail
less light is needed to make
an exposure
Larger aperture +/or Smaller aperture
The brighter the light, the longer shutter speed +/or faster shutter
lower the ISO; the lower the
light, the higher the ISO.
.
speed
 Front-lighting

Back-lighting The next three shots were taken when

the main source of light fell on the front
The first three shots were taken
with the source of light coming of the subject.
from behind the subject.