IEEE Rural Electric 2009

Testing Numerical Transformer

Differential Relays

Steve Turner
Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

INTRODUCTION
Commissioning versus Maintenance Testing

Types of Transformer Differential Protection:

 Restrained Phase Differential
 High Set Phase Differential
 Ground Differential
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

INTRODUCTION

Topics:
 Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
 Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
 Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Commissioning
Common Practice:
 Test all numerical relay settings –
verify settings properly entered
 Easily facilitated using computer –
automate test set & store results
 Hundreds of tests are possible –
numerical relays have many settings
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Commissioning

Final Goal
 Ensure the transformer is properly protected
for the particular application
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Typical Distribution Transformer

46 RG

46: Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element

(sees ground faults through bank)

RG: Grounding Resistor

(Industrial Load)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

E
+
46 RG

ZT

I2
3RG

Sensitive setting for ground fault -

overreach for phase-to-phase fault 46 ZT

ZT
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Transformer Differential Characteristic

Boundary Test
I1 I2

Y Y
Y Y

87
* Simulate Through Current

I1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

I2 = Winding 2 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

3 elements per function (A, B & C-phase)

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Differential Characteristic
Operating Equations

Id = |I1 – I2|, Differential Current

Ir = |I1| + |I2|, Restraint Current

2
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Differential Characteristic

Id

% = Y *100%
X

( %)
e nt
Perc pe
Slo Y
X
Minimum
Pickup
(per unit) Ir
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Differential Characteristic

Id

ent
Perc
e
Slop
eg ion
R
Trip gio n
Minimum Re
Blo ck
Pickup
Ir
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Matrix

[]
Id
Ir
= [ ][]
1 -1 *
½ ½
I1
I2
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Inverted Matrix

[]
I1
I2
= [ ][]
½ 1
-½ 1
* Id
Ir
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Differential Characteristic
Test Current Equations

I1 = 0.5*Id + Ir, Winding 1 Test Current (per unit)

I2 = -0.5*Id + Ir, Winding 2 Test Current (per unit)

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Differential Characteristic
Test Points
Minimum Pickup = 0.2 per unit
Id
Slope = 28.6%

ent
Perc
e
4 Slop
3
1 2
Minimum
Pickup
Ir
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Differential Characteristic
Test Points (Per Unit)

Id Ir I1 I2

1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6
3 0.4 1.4 1.6 1.2
4 0.6 2.0 2.3 1.7

TABLE 1
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic

DAB
I1 I2

Y
Y Y

87
* Simulate Through Current

I1 = Winding 1 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

I2 = Winding 2 per unit current (A, B or C-phase)

3 elements per relay (A, B & C-phase)

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic

(Relay Internally Compensates Test Currents)

DAB WINDING WYE WINDING

IA1relay = IA1/TAP1 IA2relay = (IA2- IB2)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
IB1relay = IB1/TAP1 IB2relay = (IB2 - IC2)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))
IC1relay = IB1/TAP1 IC2relay = (IC2 - IA2)/(TAP2*SQRT(3))

MVA#
TAP# =
kV#LL*CTR#*SQRT(3)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Delta-Wye Differential Characteristic

(Single-Phase Test for A-Phase Element)
IA1 = I1*TAP1
IA2 = I2*TAP2*SQRT(3)

From TABLE 1:
Id Ir I1 I2
2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.6

IA1test = 0.8*TAP1
IA2test = 0.6*TAP2*SQRT(3)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Ground Differential Element

Sensitivity Test
Directionality
(I0 vs. IG)

Ground Fault Location along Windings

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Ground Differential Element

Directional Element
o
+90

Internal External

I0 IG

o
-90

Disabled if |3I0| less than 140 mA

(Improves Security for CT saturation during external faults)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Ground Differential Element

Pickup

Operate When:

|3I0 – IG| > Pickup

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Ground Differential Element

Sensitivity Test

Power System Parameters:

•Source Impedance (Varies)
•XT = 10%
•RF (Varies)
•Ground Fault Location (5% from Transformer Neutral)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Ground Differential Element

RF Coverage vs. Source Strength
87GD Sensitivity

180

160

140
Fault Resistance

120

100

80

60
40

20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Source Impedance

IG = 200 mA IG = 500 mA IG = 1 Amp

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Ground Differential Element

Pickup Setting R

IG

Cold Load Pickup

Reclosing into Single-Phase Load

Pickup > Unbalance

Directional Element Disabled if 3I0 Low
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

IG2 = 0.3 Amps @ 177o

3I0(2) = 0.136 Amps @ 58o (Threshold = 0.14 Amps)

Amps

|CTCF*3I0(2) – IG2| = 0.75 Amps

Original Pickup = 0.3 Amps
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Directional Element

INTERNAL EXTERNAL

IG2

IOP
CTCF*3I0(2)
New Pickup = 1.0 Amps
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

COMTRADE PLAYBACK

Waveform Sources:
•Events from Numerical Relays
•Events from Digital Fault Recorders
•Simulate using Transient Software
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Traditional Approach

•2nd Harmonic Restraint

•Cross Phase Blocking
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Auto-Transformer Model
13.2 kV

W3
delta

345 kV 230 kV
wye wye

W1 W2

600 MVA Auto-Transformer (Tertiary Winding DAC)

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during

Inrush
Auto-transformer Characteristics
Auto-Transformer
Z = 0.01073 per unit
Model
HM
ZHL = 0.04777 per unit
ZML = 0.03123 per unit

Z HM  Z HL  Z ML
ZH = 2 = 0.0140 per unit
Z HM  Z ML  Z HL
ZM = 2
= -0.0029 per unit
Z HL  Z ML  Z HM
ZL = 2 = 0.0340 per unit

CTRW1 = 1200:5 (wye connected)

CTRW2 = 2000:5 (wye connected)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Auto-Transformer Model
600 MVA
TAP1 = = 4.18
345 kV * 240 * SQRT(3)

600 MVA
TAP2 = = 3.77
230 kV * 400 * SQRT(3)

Minimum Pickup* = 0.5 per unit

Slope = 25%
*Original Pickup = 0.45 per unit
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux

Total Phase Current

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux

2nd Harmonic Phase Current

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint

2 2 1/2
Ieven = (I + I )
2 4
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

Energize Bank with Heavy A-Phase Residual Flux

4th Harmonic Phase Current

 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

Even Harmonic Restraint during Inrush

A-Phase Current (Winding 2)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

CONCLUSIONS
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

CONCLUSIONS
 Transformer Differential Boundary Test
(Commissioning)
 Ground Differential Sensitivity Test
(Commissioning/Maintenance)
 Harmonic Restraint for Transformer Inrush
(Maintenance)
 Testing Numerical Transformer Differential Relays

QUESTIONS