HISTORY OF

COMPUTER
Abacus
-An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical
calculations.

-The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

-It is used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

Abacus
Napier’s Bones
-Invented by John Napier in 1614.

-Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the
rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.

John Napier Napier’s Bone

Slide Rule
• -Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• -Is based on Napier’s ideas about logarithms

Slide Rule William Oughtred

Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was limitation to addition and subtraction

Pascaline Blaise Pascal

Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

Stepped Reckoner Gittfried William Leibniz

Jacquard Loom
• Is a mechanical loom invented by Joseph – Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Jacquard Loom Joseph – Marie Jacquard

Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.

Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It is an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834

Difference Engine Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage Difference Engine

Per Georg Scheutz Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine

Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.

Herman Hollerith Mark 1

Z3
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938
• The first programmable computer

Konrad Zuse Z3
Atanasoff – Berry Computer
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

Clifford Berry John Atanasoff

ABC
ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
• It was the first electronic general purpose computer.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.

John Presper Eckert John W. Mauchly

ENIAC
UNIVAC1 (Universal Automatic Computer 1)
• The first commercial computer designed by J. Presper Eckert and J. Mauchly.
EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
• The first stored program computer designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
Osborne 1
• The First Portable Computer released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
IBM PC - 1981
• IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
• First wide-selling personal computer used in business
• 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
• 4.77 Mhz processing speed
• 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard
• One or two floppy disk drives
Apple Computers
• Founded 1977
• Apple II released 1977 - widely used in schools
• Macintosh (left) - released in 1984, Motorola 68000 Microchip processor (below)
• Macintosh is first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing
device (mouse)
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
COMPUTER
Supercomputer
• A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level
computational capacity compared to a general-
purpose computer. Performance of a
supercomputer is measured in floating-point
operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million
instructions per second (MIPS).
• The most powerful computers in terms of
performance and data processing are the
Supercomputers. These are specialized and task
specific computers used by large organizations.
These computers are used for research and
exploration purposes, like NASA uses
supercomputers for launching space shuttles,
controlling them and for space exploration
purpose.
Mainframe computer
• Are computers used primarily by large
organizations for critical applications,
bulk data processing, such as census,
industry and consumer
statistics,enterprise resource planning,
and transaction processing.
• Although Mainframes are not as
powerful as supercomputers, but
certainly they are quite expensive
nonetheless, and many large firms &
government organizations uses
Mainframes to run their business
operations. The Mainframe computers
can be accommodated in large air-
conditioned rooms because of its size.
Super-computers are the fastest
computers with large data storage
capacity, Mainframes can also process
& store large amount of data. Banks
educational institutions & insurance
companies use mainframe computers
to store data about their customers,
students & insurance policy holders.
Minicomputer
• Minicomputer is a computer of medium
power, more than a microcomputer but
less than a mainframe
• Minicomputers are used by small
businesses & firms. Minicomputers are
also called as “Midrange Computers”.
These are small machines and can be
accommodated on a disk with not as
processing and data storage capabilities as
super-computers & Mainframes. These
computers are not designed for a single
user. Individual departments of a large
company or organizations use Mini-
computers for specific purposes. For
example, a production department can use
Mini-computers for monitoring certain
production process.
 Microcomputer
• is a small, relatively
inexpensive computer with a microprocessor
as its central processing unit (CPU).
• Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital
assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones are
all types of microcomputers. The micro-
computers are widely used & the fastest
growing computers. These computers are
the cheapest among the other three types of
computers. The Micro-computers are
specially designed for general usage like
entertainment, education and work
purposes. Well known manufacturers of
Micro-computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung,
Sony & Toshiba
• Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound
& Navigation system of a car, Netbooks,
Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones,
Calculators are all type of Microcomputers.
MAJOR PARTS OF
COMPUTER
Mouse
• Used for making selections. There are two buttons on
a mouse. Most actions are performed using the left
mouse button. Some mice have cords and some do
not.
Keyboard
• Used for entering data, generating commands.
The keyboard layout is similar to a typewriter
with additional keys for other functions. There
is a number keypad to the right of the main
alphabetical
Monitor
• The monitor is the visual component of the computer. It
displays information to the user. This is a required part of the
computer. This part requires electricity so it will have its own
power cord to plug into an outlet.
Speakers
• The speakers are the audio component of the computer.
Computer System Unit
• This is where everything comes together to work. The system box holds
the central processing unit to act as the brains of the computer. The unit
contains the motherboard which is the main circuitry for the system.
The power supply for the main computer is located in the unit. All the
other parts including the monitor, mouse, keyboard, speakers, and
others join at the unit to become a functional system.
Printer
• The printer is used to develop a hard copy or paper copy of a
document or picture. The printer connects to the computer
and requires the use of its own power cord.
Compact Disk (CD)
• This device is used for storage. Some CDs hold information to be
loaded into a computer. Some are used to hold information from the
computer. It depends on what type of CD it is.
Thumb Drive
• The thumb drive is a portable storage device. You use it store
information from a computer and use it on another system. They are
also known as flash drives.