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TABLES AND GRAPHS

GRAPHS-A graph shows relations, comparisons,


and distributions in a set of data like absolute
values ,percentages , or index numbers . Lines of
a graph should be kept clean and simple and
must not contain extraneous details. Information
in a graph should be presented on the horizontal
and vertical axes in a clear and synthetic
manner. Facts can be indicated in either
descending or in an ascending order. A set
related data is referred to as a data series.
BASIC TYPES OF GRAPHS
AREA- This graph shows the
relationship of different parts to a
whole over time . Examples are the
enrollment statistics of a school for
the last five years or the sales of a
marketing firm by region for the
year . The area graph is best used
for four to six data series.
Example of area graph

Chart Title
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
5/1/2002 6/1/2002 7/1/2002 8/1/2002 9/1/2002
Series 1 Series 2
BASIC TYPES OF GRAPHS
COLUMN- This graph shows the
differences in individual values
vertically. It can be used to show
the differences between values in
different time periods or other data
groupings.
COLUMN GRAPH EXAMPLE
Chart Title

4.4 4.5
4.3

3.5

3
2.8
2.4 2.5

2 2
1.8

CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4


Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
The Cookie Shop
90000

80000

70000

60000

50000 Total Revenues


40000 TotalExpences
Profit Loss
30000

20000

10000

0
2003 2004 2005
BASIC TYPES OF GRAPHS

BAR- This graph shows the differences in


individual values horizontally . It is not a good
choice for showing values in different time
periods. It works better for presenting the
results of one to two data series. One
example is indicating the popularity of the
top eight answers to a survey question.
Student’s votes for their favorite fruits

votes

Apples

Bananas

Grapes

Oranges votes

Pears

Strawberries

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
LINE- This graph features values at different
points in the time. It is usually best to have
equal time intervals along the horizontal
axis of the graph. One example is showing
the trend in the number of costumer
service calls handled by the five officers
each month over the last year. A line
graph can effectively display up to four to
six data series.
LINE CHART EXAMPLE
Chart Title
6

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
Annual Cinema Admissions
in Great britain,1951-1981
Column1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
Column1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981
BASICTYPES
BASIC TYPES OF GRAPHS
OF GRAPHS

PIE- This graph shows the proportions of each


segment of a whole . This graph only handles
one data series . An example is the
proportion of funding provided to the
organization by each level of government in
the past year.
EXAMPLE OF PIE GRAPH

Sales

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr


Distribution of visitors among the most popular
types of tourist attraction in great britain,1991

Sales

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
KEY GRAPH OF ELEMENTS
 COLORS- Make sure that there is enough contrast
between the background color and the color of each
data series so that the information is clearly seen by the
readers. This colors also be consistent with overall color
scheme of the slides so that the graph does not look out
of place.
 DEPTH- The depth of the graph refers to whether the
graph is 2D or 3D. Selecting between the two is simply
an aesthetic choice.
 Axes- All of the mentioned graph types, except for the
pie graph, have two axes . One is for the data values
and the other one is for the time scale or how the data
is separated. It is important to set the scale of the axes
to suit the data being shown. Also, make sure that
active that indicate the values along each axis are big
KEY GRAPH OF ELEMENTS
 DATA LABELS- When the data value in a graph needs to
be more clearly indicated, a data label can be used.
This is a text box that contains the actual data value. It
should be place close to the graphical representation
of the data point, whether it is at the end of the bar or
column, above a data point in a line graph , or inside
the pie section in a pie graph. Make sure that the text is
legible enough and that the text colors has sufficient
contrast with the color underneath.
 TITLE- The title of the graph should focus on the
interpretation of the data and not on the data
themselves . It should be remembered that a graph is
used to help make a point and the title will be a key
factor to enable the audience interpreting the graph
properly. For example, instead of a title like “Sales 1996-
KEY GRAPH OF ELEMENTS
LEGEND- If there are more than one data
series on a graph, text labels should be
added to indicate each series instead of
using a legend on the graph. Research
shows how that a legend distracts and
forces the audience to split there attention
between the data in the graph and the
explanatory text in the legend, reducing
their understanding of the graph. Instead,
any explanatory text in the graph should
be placed using text boxes.
TABLES

Tables provides exact values and illustrate


efficiently as they enable the researcher to present
a large amount of data in a small amount of
space. The data, usually as shown as specific
numerical figures, are arrange in an orderly display
of rows and columns to aid in comparison
.Therefore , the readability of both the results and
analyses of variance is enhance.
THE FOLLOWING MUST BE OBSERVED IN THE
USE than
 Precise values are better OF rounded-off
A TABLEvalues for they may
display patterns and exceptions.
 Comparing numbers down a column is better than across the
row.
 Column and row averages provide a visual focus that allows
inspection of data.
 After the presentation of the table, there is a need for a written
analysis. The use of different colors is also encourage for every
column or row to make the data stand out.
Tables can be used in the following scenarios:
 A single category is to be presented in different points. One
example is the category of performance at different levels.
 An exact value like the weighted mean or frequency must be
emphasized.
 The data set contains few numbers.
ELEMENTS OF A TABLE

Title
Rows
Columns
Column labels/title
Data
Modern language association (mla) format

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES WEGHTED VERBAL


MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.Accepts all comments and 4.49 Very Apparent
suggestions of the supervisor.
2.Reacts positively to the 4.85 Very Apparent
feedback.
3.Feels nervous 3.03 Apparent

4.Responds normally and think 3.97 Satisfactory Apparent


of it as a regular process.
5.Shows gratitude to the 4.67 Very Apparent
supervisor for the pointers given
to improve performance.
6.Average Weighted Mean. 4.2 Very Apparent

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