Bolted

connections
for tension
members
Types of bolts for connecting members
 Unfinished Bolts
Sometimes called ordinary or common bolts. They are
classified by the ASTM as A302 bolts and are made from
carbon steels with stress-strain characteristics similar to those of
A-36 steel.

 High Strength Bolts

They are made from medium-carbon heat treated steel
and from alloy steel and have tensile strengths greater than
those of ordinary bolts. They are designed as A 325 and 490
bolts
Slip-Critical or Friction type connection
Bolted connections where high slip resistance is
desired. When high-strength bolts are fully tensioned
they camp parts being connected tightly together,
this results on a considerable resistance to slipping on
the surface equal to the clamping force times the
coefficient of friction.

Bearing type connection

Bolting connections where high slip resistance is
not necessary.
 Sizes and types of holes for bolts
 Oversized holes – they are used in all plies of connection as long as the
applied load does not exceed the allowable slip resistance.
 Short slotted holes – they are used regardless of the direction of the
applied load if the permissible slip resistance is larger than the applied
force.
 Long slotted holes – they are used in only one of the connected parts
of friction type or bearing type connections.
Types of bolted connections
 Lap Joint

 Butt joint

 Double plane connection

 Bolts in multiple shear

 Triple riveted-butt joint

 Quadruple riveted-butt join

Failure of bolted joints
 Shear failure of bolt

 Tension failure of plate

 Bearing failure of plate

 Shear failure of plate behind bolt

 Double shear failure of a butt joint

Minimum spacing of bolts
 𝐹𝑝 = 1.2 𝐹𝑢 ; for standard or short slotted-holes with two or more bolts in line of
force
 𝐹𝑝 = 1.0 𝐹𝑢 ; for long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the
direction of load and with two or more bolts in the line of force.
Otherwise the distance between center of holes shall not be less than the
following:
2𝑃 𝑑
𝑆 ≥ +
𝐹𝑢𝑡 2
where:
P = force transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part
Fu = specified min tensile strength of the critical connected part
t = thickness of critical connected part
d = nominal diameter of fastener
Minimum Edge Distance
2𝑃
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1.5𝑑
𝐹𝑢𝑡

Maximum Edge Distance and

Spacing
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐿𝑒 = 12𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 150𝑚𝑚

t = thickness of the connected part under consideration

Welded
Connections
Welded Connections
 Weldingis a process of joining two pieces of metal
by heating their surfaces to a plastic or fluid state
and allow the parts to fuse together usually with
the addition of other molten metal.

 Structural
welds are usually made either by the
shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW) or by
the Submerged arc welding process (SAW)
Types of welding process
 Shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW)
the most common welding method using metallic rod
which is used as the electrode.

 Submerged arc welding process (SAW)

this method of welding is most often used in
fabrication shop.
Three classification of welds
Based upon the types of welds

Based upon the type of joint used

Based on the position of the weld

Based upon the types of welds
Fillet
welds
Groove welds
Plugged welds
Slot welds
 Fillet weld
 Fillet
welds are usually used for structural connections but they are
weaker compared to the groove welds, which are welds made in
grooves between members to be joined are used when the
members to be connected are lined up in the same plane.
Groove weld
Type of groove welds
 Complete penetration welds which extend for the full thickness of
the part being connected
 Partial penetration welds which extend for only part of the member
thickness.
 Plug weld
 Plug
weld is a circular weld passing through one member to
another and joining the two together.
Slot weld
 Slot weld is a weld form in a slot or elongated hole which
joins one member to the other member through the slot.
The slot maybe partly or fully filled with weld material.
Based upon the type of joint used
 Butt joint
 Lap joint
 Tee joint
 Edge
 Corner
Based on the position of weld
 Flatweld
 Horizontal weld
 Vertical weld
 Overhead weld