Member of Group 5 :

Azharlina Rizqi A. (133174028)

Dinta Mufarikhatul A. (133174042)

Ana Rahayu (133174071)

 FOUNDATION OF SET THEORY

Definition of Set :

Set is collection of objects

(concrete or abstract) which
has certain and clear
conditions.
 Element of Set and Notation of Set

 Set is denoted by an upper-case letter such as A, B, C, X, Y, etc.

 Element of a set is usually stated by using lower-case letter, such
as a, b,c, x,y, etc.
 If x is element of A, then it is written x Є A
 If x is not element of A, then it is written x Є A
 Three ways to express a set :
1. Listing the elements between two curly brackets
Example : A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
2. Stating the characterictics of the set
Example : A = the set of the first four natural numbers
3. Using set builder notation
Example : { x│x is the first four natural numbers}
 Empty Set and Universal Set

 Empty set is a set which has no element.

 The empty set is usually denoted by O or { }.
 Example : Z = the set of chicken childbirth.
Z = { }
 Universal Set : The set is in a collection set, this set
covers all the related set.
 Example :
A = set of students UNESA
B = set of students Mathematics 2013 U UNESA
C = set of students FMIPA UNESA
Thus, the set A can be called the set of the
universe.
 Finite and Infinite Set

A set is called to be finite if we can count the number of

different element in the set, the process of counting must have
an ending.
Example : R = { x | 3 < x < 99, x Є B }

The set which doesn’t satisfy condition is called infinite set, the
process of counting the number of elements must not have an
ending.
Example : Y = the set of natural numbers is more than 5.
 Two sets A and B are called disjoint (written
as A || B) if and only if both of them are not
empty and do not have the same elements. For
example, the set of odd numbers and the set of
even numbers are two disjoint sets.
 Union
 Intersection
 Complement
 Operation of Difference
 Cross Product (Product of Cartesian)
 Union of set A and B ( A U B ) is a set of
elements of A or B or elements of both A and
B
 Writen as :
 Intersection of two sets A and B ( A ∩ B ) is a
set which elements are all of element A which
also element of B
 Writen as :
 Complement of the set A ( A’ or Ac or Ā )
is the set of all element of the universal
set which is not element of A
 Written as :

Ac = { x | x є S ^ x ¢ A }
 The difference of the set A from the set B ( A
– B ) is a set which its elements are all of the
element of A which is not the element of B. So
A – B = A ∩ Bc
 Written as :

A - B = { x | x є A and x ¢ B }
 The sum of two sets A and B ( A + B ) is the
set of all elements of A or B but not the
common element of A and B
 Written as :

A + B = { x | x є (A U B) and x ¢ (A ∩ B) }
 The cross product of two sets A and B ( A x B )
is the set of all oerdered pairs which the first
element is the element of A and the second
one is the element of B
 Written as :

A x B = { (x,y) | x є A and x є B }

 Example , let A = {1,2,3} and B = {a,b} then :

 A x B = {(1,a), (1,b), (2,a), (2,b), (3,a), (3,b)}
 Commutative
 Associative
 Distributive
 Complementary
 De Morgan
 Absorption
COMMUTATIVE ASSOCIATIVE

 AUB=BUA  (A U B) U C = C U (B U A)
 A∩B=B∩A  (A ∩ B) ∩ C = C ∩ (B ∩ A)

DISTRIBUTIVE

 A U (B ∩ A) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C)
 A ∩ (B U A) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
COMPLEMENTARY DE MORGAN

 A U Ac = S  (A U B)c = Ac ∩ Bc
 A ∩ Ac = Ø  (A ∩ B)c = Ac U Bc

ABSORPTION

 A U (A ∩ B) = A
 A ∩ (A U B) = A