By :

PRELIMINARY 1. Nurul Hiza Putri

2. Pujha Alencia
PROTISTS AND 3. Sherina Dhafa Wiranda

FUNGI
GROUP 3 FMIPA UNP
2018
 “Taxonomy” comes from greek, meaning is (arrangment,
compiler, stylist). “Taxon” (each of unit that used in the
classification of biologycal objects) and “nomos” (law)

Taxonomy is grouping living things based on similar

characteristics, from high to lower levels.

Taxonomy is very important, because we can

differentiated one group of living things from another.
Moreover, the number of living things is very large from
plants and animals.
 1. Methodological Principles
Large differences reflect the ways the teacher teaches.

2. Psychological Principles
Taxonomists should be consistent with existing mental
Basic phenomena.

Principles of
3. Logical principle
Taxonomy
Taxonomy should be developed logically and consecutively.

4. Purpose Principle
Goal levels are not aligned with levels of values. Each type of
educational goal should describe a neutral pattern.
 1. Classification
Aims to simplify the object of study in essence nothing
but seeking uniformity and diversity.
In make classification of plant there are at least 7 :
- Regnum
- Divisio
Basics of
- Classis
Taxonomy - Ordo
- Familia
- Genus
- Species
 2. Identification
Is the method of giving the name of plant which
means revealing or establishing the identify of a plant or
determining the correct name and its proper place in the
classification system.
Using several ways :
a. The key to determination that exists in the flora or book
of botany
Basics of b. Species identification sheet
Taxonomy c. Identified herbarium
d. The pictures in science book
e. Fresh plants whose names are already known
f. With a hollow card from Hansen and Rahn
g. Computer program
h. By anatomy
i. By chemistry
 3. Nomenclature
Is the procedure for giving names or
nomenclataure of plants in a scientific manner based on
the international code of plant names.
Ex :
Basics of a. Solanum tuberosum L.
Taxonomy That means L to Carolus Linnaeus that gave the
name and published.

b. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich

Taht means Carolus Linnaeus gave that name
and Louis Claude Marie Richard revised it.
 Principle 1
The nomenclature of animals and the nomenclature of plants stand
alone. KITT applies the same to the names of taxon which, since
everything is applied as a plant or not.
Example:
Principle of The names of the tribes in plants end in -aceae and for animals –idea
Nomenclature
of Animals, Principle 2
Plants and The application of taxon names is determined by the name type.
Fungi
Principle 3
Taxon nomenclature is based on the priority of its publication.
This principle intends to state that if a taxon has more than one
name, then a more publicized name is used first.
 Principle 4
Each taxon at a certain level can only have one correct name, that is,
the oldest name in accordance with the rules, except in matters
Principle of specifically stated.
Nomenclature
of Animals, Principle 5
Scientific names are treated as Latin without regard to their origin.
Plants and
Fungi Principle 6
Nomenclature rules are retroactive unless deliberately limited.
 • Has a cell nucleus membrane.
• Generally unicellular (single-celled) but there are also multicellular or
colonial organisms.
• Live freely or live as a parasite.
• Can be found in soil, garbage, piles of leaves, fresh water, sea water,
Characteristics sand, silt, and rocks.
of Protist • Aeroprespiration and mitochondria for cell respiration and some are
anaerobic.

Protists are eukaryotic

microorganisms that do
not include animals,
plants and fungi.
  Generally moving with flagella or cilia, but there are also those
who do not have a motion device.
 Asexual and sexual reproduction.
 Protists are grouped into 3: animal-like protists (protozoa), similar
Characteristics to fungi, and similar to plants.
of Protist  Plant-like protists (algae) have chlorophyll; and has additional
pigments such as xanthophyll, phicobilin and carotene.
 Based on groups, they can be heterotrophic or autotrophic.
 1. Animal Similar Protista
(Protozoa)
Animal-like protists
(protozoa) are protists that have
Basic heterotrophic properties which
obtain their food from other
Classification organisms by "swallowing" or
of Protist entering food into their cells
(intracellular). As for those included
in animal-like protists namely
Flagellata / Mastigophora,
Rhizopoda / Sarcodina, Cilliata /
Cilliophora, and Sporozoa.
 1. Eukaryotic organisms (membrane-protected cell nuclei).

Characteristics 2. Generally heterotrophic.

3. Not cellulose walled.
of Animal 4. Solitary way of life and colony.
Similar Protists 5. Generally have a motion device (pseudopodia, flagellum, cilia).
(Protozoa) 6. Asexual reproduction by dividing and sexually by conjugation.
7. Act as zooplankton.
8. Freshwater and sea water habitats.
  Plant-like protists (algae or algae) are
photoautotrophic protists that can make
their own food by photosynthesis. The
types of algae that are grouped into

Plant-like several types include Euglenophyta

Protista (Algae (euglena), Chrysophyta (golden algae),

or Algae) Phyrrophyta (fire algae), Chlorophyta

(green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae),
and Rhodophyta (red algae).
 1. Talophyta plants (indistinguishable roots, stems and leaves).

2. Phytoplankton compilers.
Characteristics 3. Unicellular / microscopic and multicellular / macroscopic
of Plant-like bodies.
Protista (Algae
4. Eukaryotic organisms (membrane-protected cell nuclei).
or Algae)
5. Autotrophic (can arrange their own food).

6. Has a cell wall.

 Mushroom-like protists (protist fungi)
are heterotrophic protists that obtain food
from other organisms by decomposing or
Mushroom swallowing (phagocytosis) food. Various types
Similar of fungus protists are grouped into several
Protista types which include groups of slime molds and
(Protista water borers (Oomycota). Mucus fungi are
Mushroom) divided into two types, namely plasmodial
mucus fungi (Myxomycota) and cellular mucus
fungi (Acrasiomycota).
 1. Have flagella cells at the time in their life cycle.

2. Heterotrophic.
Characteristics 3. Generally parasites or saprophytes.
of Mushroom-
4. Especially in water fungi, has a cell wall composed of cellulose,
like Protista
while fungi are composed of chitin.
(Protista
Fungus) 5. Forming diploid spores and the results of miosis in the form of
gametes. In water fungi produce zoospores.

6. Phagocytic.
 Protists function in various ecological niches. Some protist species
are essential components of the food chain and are generators of
biomass.
Ecology of
Protists are essential sources of nutrition for many other organisms.
Protist Alternatively, photosynthetic protists serve as producers of nutrition
for other organisms.
For instance, photosynthetic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae use
sunlight to fix inorganic carbon. In this symbiotic relationship, these protists
provide nutrients for the coral polyps that house them, giving corals a boost
of energy to secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton. In turn, the corals provide
the protists with a protected environment and the compounds needed for
photosynthesis.

This type of symbiotic relationship is important in nutrient-poor

environments. Without dinoflagellate symbionts, corals lose algal pigments
in a process called coral bleaching and they eventually die. This explains why
reef-building corals do not reside in waters deeper than 20 meters:
insufficient light reaches those depths for dinoflagellates to
photosynthesize.
The protists themselves and their products of
photosynthesis are essential, directly or indirectly, to the
survival of organisms ranging from bacteria to
mammals.

As primary producers, protists feed a large

proportion of the world’s aquatic species. (On land,
terrestrial plants serve as primary producers. ) In fact,
approximately one-quarter of the world’s
photosynthesis is conducted by protists, particularly
dinoflagellates, diatoms, and multicellular algae.
 Protists do not only create food sources for sea-
dwelling organisms. Certain anaerobic parabasalid
species exist in the digestive tracts of termites and
wood-eating cockroaches where they contribute an
essential step in the digestion of cellulose ingested by
these insects as they bore through wood.
  Relatively little is known of the effects of the environment
on the distribution of fungi that utilize dead organic
material as food (i.e., saprobic fungi; see above Nutrition).
Ecology of The availability of organic food is certainly one of the
Fungi factors controlling such distribution. A great number of
fungi appear able to utilize most types of organic materials,
such as lignin, cellulose, or other polysaccharides, which
have been added to soils or waters by dead vegetation.