Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia,

Ventricular System, Limbic

System, Diencephalon
An Overview
 Ventricles
origin

• Derived from the canal of the neural tube

• Telencephalon – lateral ventricle
- rosral part of 3rd ventricle
. Diencephalon – caudal part of the 3rd
. Mesencephalon – aqueduct
. Metencephalon – rostral 4TH ventricle
. Myelencephalon _ caudal 4th
 Lateral ventricles
• Paired
• Parts (4)- anterior horn, body, trigone
(antrum), inferior horn, posterior horn
• Choroid plexus
 Relations
• Anterior Horn- roof – corpus callosum
• medial – septum pellucidum
• lateral, floor – caudate nucleus,thalamus
• anterior_ rostrum and genu
• Posterior horn _roof ,lateral_ tapetum of corpus
• medial_ calcar avis?,forceps major
• floor_ occipital lobe
• Inferior horn roof ,medial– tapetum,
caudate(tail),stria
terminalis
• floor – hippocampus ,caudate
eminence
•
•
 third ventricle

• Lateral wall – thalamus and hypothalamus ,

subthalamus
• Roof _ fornix, tela choroidea
• Posterior_ post commisure, pineal, recess
• Floor_ tuber cinerium, mammilary bodies
• Rostral _ anterior commisure, lamina terminalis
• Interthalamic adhesion (Massa intermedia)
• Recesses- optic, infundibulum, pineal,
suprapineal
 Fourth ventricle
• Ventral(rhomboid fossa) _ pons, medulla
• Dorsal _ cerebellum
• Lateral _ peduncles
• Superior and inferior limit – vela, obex
 Connections

Interventricular foramen of monroe

Cerebral aqueduct of sylvus
Medial foramen?CM
Lateral foramen of?(cisterns)CP
Cental canal
 Csf
• Formation (3sources-)cp, metabolic water,
capillary ultrafiltrate
• Circulation
• Absorption- ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
• Functions
blood brain barrier
Components and functions.
Clinical_ hydrocephalus(ext,int)
 Diencephalon
• Components – 4
• Thalamus- nucleus, and functions , clinical
correlation, thalamic radiation
• Hypothalamus- nucleus and fx, clinical
 Functional Divisions of Thalamic
Nuclei.

• Sensory_ Lateral geniculate .Medial geniculate

Ventral posterolateral(body) .Ventral
posteromedial (face)
• Motor _Ventral anterior ,Ventral lateral
• Limbic_ Anterior Dorsomedial
• Multimodal _Pulvinar ,Lateral posterior
(posterolateral) Lateral dorsal (dorsolateral)
• Intralaminar_ Reticular ,Centrum medianum
,Intralaminar
 functions
• Sensory integration _ except?
• Motor integration_receive from striatum and
cerebellum, and project to the cortex
• Regulate alertness, consciousness, and sleep
• Emotion correlation of various sensory stimuli,
via its connection to limbic
 Hypothalamus
• Location and relations
• Connections_ humoral, neural.
• Supraoptic, paraventricular, posterior, anterior,
dorsomedial , ventromedial
• Functions_ eating behavior(feeding and satiety
centre)
• Temperature control
• Water balance
• Circadian rhythm
Secretion of ant pituitary hormones , GRH,TRH,CRH
Emotions, via limbic sys connections
 Basal Ganglia
• Components
• Neostriatum(striatum), palaeostriatum(gp 1,2),
archistriatum(amygdala)
• Connections- direct loop, indirect loop
• Excitatory pathways(NT?)_ corticostriate,
thalamocortical
• Inhibitory-
• Fx – modulation of motor activity, occurs during all
stages of mvts, and will control patterns of muscle
contractions
• disorders
 disorders
• Parkinsonism (antipsychotics)inability to
initiate wanted movements
• Athetosis-
• Huntington’s chorea(inability to prevent
unwanted movement)_striatopallidal fibres
• Hemiballismus_SN
 Cerebellum
• Position- p.c.f
• Parts and fissures
• Phyllogenetic divisions and functions
• Histology_ 3 layers and 5 cell types
• Deep cerebellar nuclei (roof nuclei)
• Connections
• Blood supply and lesions_ ataxia, intention
tremors, hypotonia, rebound phenomenon
 Limbic system
• Components
• Cortical areas _ parahippocampus, uncus,
cingulum, amygdala, subcallosal gyrus
• Hippocampal formation_ hippocampus, dentate
• Diencephalon_ septal nuclei, septum pellucidum,
nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, substantia
nigra, thalamus(anterior, dorsal,intralaminar)
• Brain stem regions_ mammillary bodies,
hypothalamus, habenular nuclei, reticular
formation?
 Functions
• 5 Fs
• Control of autonomic functions.
• Modulation of homeostatic mechanism
• Modulation of conditioned reflexes
• Thirst drive and body fluid regulation
• Modulating eating behaviour
• Control of adrenocortical activity
• Control of emotions
• Learning and memory
• lesions