Oxidative Phosphorylation &

Photophosphorylation

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 Oxidative Phosphorylation
• All oxidative steps converge at this final
stage of cellular respiration in which the
energy of respiration drives the _______

• Photophosphorylation:
Photosynthetic organism capture energy of
______________

2
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Oxidative phosphorylation:
- Occurs in ____________
- Reduction of O2 to ______ with
electrons donated by _____ & _____
- Ultimate electron acceptor________?

• Photophosphorylation:
- Occurs in ____________
- Oxidation of H2O to ____ with _____ as
ultimate electron acceptor.
- Absolutely dependent on _______.
 Mitochondria

• Selectively ____________ inner membrane

- ___________ the intermediates and enzymes of
cytosolic pathway from ones in matrix,

• Specific _____________ are deployed to exchange

some of the components. e.g.

into matrix:

out of matrix:

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 Electron Acceptors
• Electrons from catabolic reactions are collected by
universal electron acceptors:

– NAD+, NADP+

– FAD, FMN

Respiratory chain consists of series of sequentially

acting electron carriers.

- mostly integral proteins with prosthetic groups

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Electron carriers

1. A hydrophobic quinone (Ubiquinone)/Q

- lipid __________
- long isoprenoid side chain
- plastoquinone
- menaquinone

Two iron containing proteins:

2. cytochromes:

3. iron sulfur protein:

6
Electron carriers:

Accepts _______ to become

semiquinone radical (•QH).

or__ e- to form ubiquinol (QH2)

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 Electron carriers: Cytochromes
Fig 19.3 Covalent bonds
to protein

cyt a

cyt b cyt c

• Mitochondria has 3 classes of cytochromes (a, b, c)

distinguished by _______________________

• Strong light absorption-due to __________________.

• All are integral protein of ___________________

except: cytochrome C which is _____

8
Iron Sulfur Proteins Fig 19.5 a-c

• Iron present ____ in heme but in association with sulfur atoms

of Cys residues/ inorganic Sulfur.

– Simple structure:

– Complex :

• Rieske iron-sulfur proteins (1Fe+2___ residues)

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

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Complex I
NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase/ or NADH dehydrogenase
Catalyzes two reactions:

A. Exergonic transfer of a hydride ion

from _____ & a _____ from the matrix:

NADH + H+ + Q  NAD+ + QH2

B. Endergonic transfer of
- 4 H+ from matrix to the
_____________________(IMS).
by proton pump driven by energy
of ____________ transfer.

Results in ________charged matrix &

_________________charged IMS

NADH + 5H+N + Q  NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+p

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Complex I

Ubiquinol (___) ______ in the inner mitochondrial

membrane from complex I to complex ____.

There it is oxidized to Q in a process involving

___________movement of H+.

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Complex II
- membrane bound enzyme of TCA cycle
________________________________.
Fig 16.7

Fig
19.8

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Complex II
The path of electron transfer from succinate binding site
to_________________, then through the Fe-S center to the
______________.

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Complex III cytochrome bc1 complex

Couples the transfer of electrons

from _______________(QH2) to
_____________, with transport of
H+ from matrix to intermembrane
space.

QH2 + 2 cyt c1(oxid) + 2H+N  Q + 2 cyt c1 (redu) + 4 H+p

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Complex III

____ H+ are translocated

for each ____ of electron
passing thru complex III
to cytochrome c.

QH2 is oxidized to Q
____ molecules of Cyto c
are reduced.

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Cytochrome C

Cytochrome c
(____________ protein)

- after accepting electrons

from complex III, moves
to complex _____ to
donate the electrons.

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Complex IV
Cytochrome oxidase
- carries electrons from cyt C to
_______________, reducing it
to ________.

- Subunit II has 2 Cu (CuA) ions

in complex with

2 _____________________
as in 2Fe-2S center.

18
Complex IV Cytochrome oxidase

- Subunit I has 2 heme groups

(a & a3) and another __________
(CuB)

- e- transfer through complex IV

from cyt c CuA  heme a 
heme a3-CuB center and finally
to _____.

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Complex IV :

Overall reaction catalyzed by complex IV:

4 cyt c (reduced) + 8 H+N + O2 

4 cyt c (oxidized) + 4 H+P + 2H2O

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Energy of electron transfer is conserved :

• Transfer of 2 electrons from NADH thru to

molecular O2.
G’° = _______kJ/mol (NADH)

• From succinate: G’° = _________kJ/mol

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Protons pumped/
electron pair:

__ by complex-I
__ by complex-III
__ by complex-IV

- A Proton Gradient is produced which

has _____________

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Energy has two components:

1. Proton concentration

2. Separation of charges

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ATP synthesis
• How is proton flux coupled with phosphorylation?

Synthesis of ATP results into ___________ flow of H+ back into

matrix through a proton pore associated with _____________.

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ATP synthase
F0 complex (bottom orange)

F1 complex (ATP Synthase)

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 ATP synthase
- 3 β subunit differ in their
________________.

- Results in differences in their

ATP/ADP binding sites:

- this difference in binding is __________ for the

mechanism of action.

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 Rotational catalysis
- 3 active sites of ___ take turn
in catalyzing ATP synthesis-
rotational catalysis.

Any β–subunit starts in:

- β-ADP conformation subunit

binds _____ & ____from medium
and changes to:

- β-ATP, finally subunit changes to:

- β-empty to release ATP due to its

low affinity for _______.

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Proton Gradient Drives Membrane Transporters
Inner membrane is
_________________:

Specific transporters
needed to bring ADP & Pi
into matrix and take out
ATP to _______.

1. Adenine nucleotide
translocase
ATP out (–4), ADP in (–3)
net ____ out (favored)
matrix has net __________charge.

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Proton Gradient Drives Membrane Transporters

2. ATP synthase
H+ in net +1 in (favored)

3. Phosphate
translocase

-promotes one H2PO4

(Pi)
in (_____),
-H+ in (_____)

- No net change
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Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Most of ATP in aerobic cells.
• Glucose: complete oxidation= _____ ATP

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Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Glucose-glycolysis-anaerobic-___ ATP

• Palmitate (CoA derivative) oxidation

to CO2 yields _______ ATP

• Vast majority of ATP are produced in

catabolism by electron transfer to _____.

• Regulation is important to meet _________

_________ needs of the cell.

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Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Availability of ______ for phosphorylation

(acceptor [Pi] control)

- Rate of respiration (____ consumption) is

controlled by ADP availability

- ADP concentration= __________ status

- ATP formed as fast as it is _________.

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Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Respiration slows down

when cell has adequete
supply of _______.

Except in ____________

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Mammal ________________ have adipose tissue
(______________): serves to produce _________:

protons are allowed to pass through __________

protein (Thermogenin) in the inner membrane.
Brown color = ____________________________________

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35
Heat for Pollination

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Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• ATP production:
coordinately regulated

• ___/___concentration
controls:

37
Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

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 Mitochondrial gene mutation:
Human disease
• Why inherited from mother?

– Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

– Myoclonic epilepsy

– ragged-red fiber disease.

Mitochondria: Apoptosis & Oxidative Stress

• Mitochondria also participates in processes

associated with ____________________.

• Apoptosis?

• Triggered by__________________.

40
• Permeability of outer
mitochondrial membrane ________

Cytochrome c ______________:
- where it activates ________.
 Mitochondria: Oxidative Stress

• Mitochondria: free radicals.

• Possible sites of production:

42
 Mitochondria: Oxidative Stress
• 
Q— can pass electrons to O2 to produce ________________
(O2—), which could ____________________________.

- In fact, ________O2 is used to generate ________________

It should be quickly ________________.

1
Selenium?

2 •O2- + 2H+→ H2O2 + O2

43
Transport of NADH

• NADH is needed in the mitochondrial matrix

for electron transport chain to utilize it for
_________ production.

• While NADH which is produced by glycolysis

in _________________.

How is it transported to matrix of mitochondria?

44
The most active _____________in
mitochondria of heart, liver, kidney is the
_______________________.

Skeletal muscle and brain use a different

shuttle: __________________________

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Malate-aspartate shuttle
46
Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttle

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Photophosphorylation
Photosynthesis: Harvesting light energy
Light driven _______________

Solar energy: driving force for the

continuous cycling of _____________

Photosynthesis:

H2O donates electrons (H) for

reduction of
______________________

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Photosynthesis
H2O is poor

Light energy helps create

Electrons flows:

Protons are

Fig 19.37 50
Chloroplasts

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Primary Gather’s of Light

• Chlorophylls a & b (higher plants)

• Bacteriochlorophyll (photosynthetic bacteria)

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 Lutein (xanthophyll)

• Accessory pigments
- Carotene
– Lutein

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• Pigments absorb complementary wavelengths
- Plant pigments
- Bacterial pigments
• Photosystems

• Light harvesting

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Photochemical Reaction Center

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Photosystems
Photosynthetic bacteria:
- have one photosystem.
- lack ability to use light energy to __________

Cyanobacteria, green algae, higher

plants:

- Have _________ photosystems.

- Can generate O2 from ____________

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Fig 19-54.
• Bacterial Reaction Center

• Cytochrome bc complex
1

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 Fig 19-54. • Bacterial Reaction Center

QH2
moves 1. Cytochrome bc1
complex (like type II)

Cyclic electron 2. Ferredoxin (Fe-S)

flow

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 Modern Photosynthates

• PS I - like type I

• PS II - like type II

• Cyclic & noncyclic

makes ______
Noncyclic Electron Flow: ‘Z’ scheme

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Cyclic Electron Flow

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Localization of PSI and PSII

Stroma

Lumen

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Localization of PSI and PSII

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• ATP & NADPH produced in the light reactions are
used in the _____________________reactions.

– Need__________________

• Noncyclic reactions produce _______

• Cyclic reactions produce ______________.

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Proton Movement & Orientation of ATP Synthase

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Hydrogen donors other than H2O

Anaerobic (cannot tolerate O2)

Some use:

inorganic compounds

Organic compounds:

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